Transcript database - Bina Darma e

Manajemen Data (1)
PTI Pertemuan 5
Today’s Lessons
 Basis
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Data, Data, dan Informasi
Definisi Data
Definisi Informasi
Definisi Basis Data
 DBMS
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Structure
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
 Multidimensional
 Object oriented
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Database Type
 Operational
Database
 Data Warehouse
 Analytical Database
 Distributed Database
 End-user Database
 External Database
 Hypermedia Databases
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Database Security
Data
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The term data refers to groups of information that
represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a
variable or set of variables
Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of
measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images,
or observations of a set of variables
Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction
from which information and knowledge are derived
Raw data refers to a collection of numbers, characters,
images or other outputs from devices that collect
information to convert physical quantities into symbols,
that are unprocessed.
Information
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Information, in its most restricted technical sense, is an
ordered sequence of symbols.
As a concept, however, information has many meanings.
Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to
notions of :
Constraint
Meaning
Communication
Pattern
Control
Mental
Form
Instruction
Knowledge
stimulus
Perception, and
Representation
Basis Data
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A database consists of an organized collection of data
for one or more uses, typically in digital form.
One way of classifying databases involves the type of
their contents, for example:
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Bibliographic
Document-text
Statistical.
Digital databases are managed using database
management systems, which store database contents,
allowing data creation and maintenance, and search and
other access.
Hierarchical DBMS
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A DBMS is said to be hierarchical if the relationships
among data in the database are established in such a
way that one data item is present as the subordinate of
another one.
Here subordinate means that items have 'parent-child'
relationships among them. Direct relationships exist
between any two records that are stored consecutively.
The data structure "tree" is followed by the DBMS to
structure the database. No backward movement is
possible/allowed in the hierarchical database.
Most of the older DBMS such as Dbase, FoxPro etc. are
hierarchical which are rarely used now a days.
Network DBMS
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A DBMS is said to be a Network DBMS if the relationships
among data in the database are of type many-to-many.
The relationships among many-to-many appears in the form
of a network. Thus the structure of a network database is
extremely complicated because of these many-to-many
relationships in which one record can be used as a key of the
entire database.
A network database is structured in the form of a graph that is
also a data structure.
Though the structure of such a DBMS is highly complicated
however it has two basic elements i.e. records and sets to
designate many-to-many relationships.
Mainly high-level languages such as Pascal, COBOL and
FORTRAN etc. were used to implement the records and set
structures.
Relational DBMS
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A DBMS is said to be a Relational DBMS or RDBMS
if the database relationships are treated in the form
of a table.
A statical table that is composed of rows and
columns is used to organize the database and its
structure and is actually a two dimension array in the
computer memory.
A number of RDBMS are available however the
most popular are Oracle, Sybase, Ingress, Informix,
Microsoft SQL Server, Microsoft Access and so on.
Multidimensional DBMS
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The multidimensional structure is similar to the relational
model.
The dimensions of the cube looking model have data
relating to elements in each cell.
This structure gives a spreadsheet like view of data.
This structure is easy to maintain because records are
stored as fundamental attributes, the same way they’re
viewed and the structure is easy to understand. Its high
performance has made it the most popular database
structure when it comes to enabling online analytical
processing (OLAP).
Object Oriented Database
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The object oriented structure has the ability to handle
graphics, pictures, voice and text, types of data, without
difficultly unlike the other database structures.
This structure is popular for multimedia Web-based
applications. It was designed to work with object-oriented
programming languages such as Java
Operational Database
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These databases store detailed data about the operations of
an organization.
They are typically organized by subject matter, process
relatively high volumes of updates using transactions.
Essentially every major organization on earth uses such
databases.
Examples include customer databases that record contact,
credit, and demographic information about a business'
customers, personnel databases that hold information such as
salary, benefits, skills data about employees, manufacturing
databases that record details about product components,
parts inventory, and financial databases that keep track of the
organization's money, accounting and financial dealings.
Data Warehouse
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Data warehouses archive modern data from operational
databases and often from external sources such as market
research firms.
Often operational data undergoes transformation on its way
into the warehouse, getting summarized, anonymized,
reclassified, etc.
The warehouse becomes the central source of data for use by
managers and other end-users who may not have access to
operational data.
For example, sales data might be aggregated to weekly totals
and converted from internal product codes to use UPC codes
so that it can be compared with ACNielsen data.
Some basic and essential components of data warehousing
include retrieving and analyzing data, transforming,loading
and managing data so as to make it available for further use.
Analytical Database
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Analysts may do their work directly against a
data warehouse, or create a separate analytic
database for Online Analytical Processing.
For example, a company might extract sales
records for analyzing the effectiveness of
advertising and other sales promotions at an
aggregate level.
Distributed Database
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These are databases of local work-groups and
departments at regional offices, branch offices,
manufacturing plants and other work sites.
These databases can include segments of both
common operational and common user
databases, as well as data generated and used
only at a user’s own site.
End-user Database
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These databases consist of data developed by
individual end-users.
Examples of these are collections of documents
in spreadsheets, word processing and
downloaded files, or even managing their
personal baseball card collection.
External Database
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These databases contain data collected for use
across multiple organizations, either freely or via
subscription.
The Internet Movie Database is one example.
Hypermedia Databases
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The Worldwide web can be thought of as a
database, albeit one spread across millions of
independent computing systems.
Web browsers "process" this data one page at a
time, while web crawlers and other software
provide the equivalent of database indexes to
support search and other activities.
Database Security
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Database security is the system, processes, and
procedures that protect a database from unintended
activity.
Unintended activity can be categorized as authenticated
misuse, malicious attacks or inadvertent mistakes made
by authorized individuals or processes.
Database security is also a specialty within the broader
discipline of computer security.
Traditionally databases have been protected from
external connections by firewalls or routers on the
network perimeter with the database environment
existing on the internal network opposed to being located
within a demilitarized zone.
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Additional network security devices that detect and alert
on malicious database protocol traffic include network
intrusion detection systems along with host-based
intrusion detection systems.
Database security is more critical as networks have
become more open.
Databases provide many layers and types of information
security, typically specified in the data dictionary,
including:
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Access control
Auditing
Authentication
Encryption
Integrity controls
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Database security can begin with the process of creation and
publishing of appropriate security standards for the database
environment. The standards may include specific controls for the
various relevant database platforms; a set of best practices that
cross over the platforms; and linkages of the standards to higher
level polices and governmental regulations.
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