Transcript Chapter 3 - HCC Learning Web

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Whip around: Compare and Contrast
•
In your notes, compare and contrast your identities
1.
At school
2.
With your family
3.
At work
4.
Online
5.
With your friends
Be prepared to share aloud!
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3
COMMUNICATION
AND THE SELF
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Our Agenda
• Understanding the Self: Self-Concept
• Valuing the Self: Self-Esteem
• Presenting the Self: Image Management
• Communicating the Self: Self-Disclosure
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Self-Concept
• Who are you?
• Your self-concept
reflects your stable
ideas about who you
are
• Your self-concept is
your identity
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Communication and the Self
• Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
• Self-concept
• The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
• Self-esteem
• Evaluations of self-worth
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Self-Esteem
• Quiet
• Shy
• Loud
• Argumentative
• Aggressive
• Self-controlled
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Communication and the Self
• Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
• People with high self-esteem
• Tend to think well of others
• Expect to be accepted by others
• High self-esteem doesn’t guarantee interpersonal
success
• Can be starting point for positive behaviors and
interactions
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Communication and the Self
• Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
• People with low self-esteem
• Likely to disapprove of others
• Expect to be rejected by others
• Evaluate their own performance less favorably
• Perform poorly when being watched
• Feel threatened by people they view as superior
• Have difficulty defending themselves against others’ negative
comments
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Self-Concept
• Self-concepts are
• Self-concepts are partly
subjective
• Self-concepts are
enduring but changeable
© Stockbyte/PunchStock/Getty Images, RF
multifaceted
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Self-Concept
• Many factors affect our self-concept
• Personality and biology
• Culture and gender roles
• Reflected appraisal
• Social comparison
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Communication and the Self
• Biological and Social Roots to the Self
• Biology and the self
• Personality is part of our genetic makeup
• Biology influenced traits
• Extroversion
• Shyness
• Assertiveness
• Verbal Aggression
• Willingness to communicate
• Personality is flexible, dynamic, shaped by experience
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OCEAN
• Openness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=is5qoGLgWec
• Conscientiousness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZSA5r99ii8
• Extroversion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMhSxXEbmv8
• Agreeableness
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q84nfWkLsYU
• Narcissism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OP3xf6BFEIo
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Communication and the Self
• Socialization and the Self-Concept
• These principles continue in later life especially
when messages come from significant others
• Impact remains strong during adolescence
• Inclusion in or exclusion from peer groups crucial factor
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Communication and the Self
• Socialization and the Self-Concept
• Social Comparison
• Evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others
• Two Types of Comparison
• Superior or Inferior
• Same or different from others
• These comparisons depend on the reference groups we measure
ourselves against
• Significance depends on opinions of others
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cc7quH-i_0w
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Communication and the Self
• Characteristics of the Self-Concept
• Distorted self-evaluations can occur
• These distortions can be based on:
• Obsolete information
• The effects of past failures that linger in your mind
• Distorted feedback
• Remarks of overly critical parents, teachers, friends
• Emphasis on perfection
• Type A personalities
• Social expectations
• We reward people who downplay their strenghts
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Communication and the Self
• The Self-Concept Resists Change
• Cognitive conservatism
• Tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to existing
self-concept
• Tendency holds when new self-perception would be more favorable
• Can accept new data and change perception or keep original perception and
refute new information
• Most communicators reluctant to downgrade favorable impression of themselves
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Communication and the Self
• The Self-Concept Resists Change
• Suggestions for embracing a more positive self-
image
• Have a realistic perception of yourself
• Have realistic expectations
• Have the will to change
• Have the skill to change
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U
Dove Campaign
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Communication and the Self
• Culture, Gender, and Identity
• Culture
• Self shaped by culture in which we have been
reared
• Individualistic culture
• Strong I orientation
• Collectivistic culture
• Maintaining harmony
• Co-cultural identity
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw-HgnZO1js
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Communication and the Self
• Culture, Gender, and Identity
• Sex and gender
• Being male or female shapes way others communicate with us and thus
our sense of self
• Self-esteem influenced by gender
• Sense of self shaped strongly by people with whom we interact and
contexts in which we communicate
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkTb3Y1CDcA (Jimmy Kimmel)
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Self-Concept
The Johari Window
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Self-Concept
• We manage our self-concepts through
self-monitoring
• Awareness of how we look, sound, and affect
others
Low
self-monitor
High
self-monitor
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Self-Concept
• Self-fulfilling prophecies can reinforce our
self-concept
• We have expectations based on how we perceive
ourselves and others
• Our expectations prompt us to act in specific ways
• Those actions bring about the outcomes we expected
• Our self-concepts are therefore reinforced
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Communication and the Self
• The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication
• Types of self-fulfilling prophecies
• Self-imposed prophecies
• Your own expectations influence your behavior
• Prophecies imposed by others
• Shown to be powerful force for shaping self-concept and thus behavior
• Observer must do more than believe, must communicate belief
• E.g. teachers at YES Prep or Kipp
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR3RyBXY_yg (YES)
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Communication as Identity
Management
• Public and Private Selves
• Identity management
• Communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
• Perceived self
• A reflection of the self concept
• Presenting self
• The way we want others to view us
• Face
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NV Group Project Work Time
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Whip Around
• Where do you see yourself in 5 years?
• Your job
• Location
• Accomplishments
• Be prepared to share aloud.
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Self-Esteem
• Your self-esteem is your
© Commercial Eye/Stone/Getty Images
subjective evaluation of
your value and worth as
a person
• Can influence social
behavior, how you see
yourself and others, and
school and work
performance
• Affected by culture and sex
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Self-Esteem
• We have three fundamental needs with respect
to self-esteem:
• Need for control
• Need for inclusion
• Need for affection
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Image Management
• Image management means adjusting our behavior to project a
desired image
• Image management is collaborative
• We manage multiple identities
• Image management is complex
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aZG4CtXjoY (Botched)
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Image Management
• We manage three
face needs
© Coloroftime/Getty Images, RF
• Fellowship face
• Autonomy face
• Competence face
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Communication as Identity
Management
• Why Manage Identities?
• Start and manage relationships
• Gain compliance of others
• Save the face of others
• Explore new selves
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Communication as Identity
Management
• Managing Identities in Person and Online
• Face-to-face identity management
• Managed in three ways
• Manner
• Words and nonverbal actions
• Setting
• Physical items we use to influence others
• Appearance
• Personal items we use to shape image
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Szb0NCuPySY (Easy A)
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Communication as Identity
Management
• Managing Identities in Person and Online
• Online impression management
• What is missing in online communication can be an advantage
• Gives us more control over managing impressions
• Allows strangers to change age, etc.
• Viewing online presence as neutral third party can be valuable exercise
• Reputation management
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Communication as Identity
Management
• Identity Management and Honesty
• Managing impressions doesn’t make you a liar
• Each of us has a repertoire of faces
• Being a competent communicator is choosing best
face for the situation
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Justin the Ken Doll Contd.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGVrLuMIbdc
36
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Let’s Write!
• On a sheet of notebook paper, write a paragraph
responding to the following questions:
• What is Justin’s perceived self?
• What is Justin’s presented self?
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Self-disclosure is the
act of intentionally
giving others
information about
ourselves that we
believe to be true but
we think they do not
already have
© Photos 12/Alamy
Self-Disclosure
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Self-Disclosure
• Self-disclosure is intentional and truthful
• Self-disclosure varies in breadth and depth
• Self-disclosure varies among relationships
• Self-disclosure is a gradual process
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Self-Disclosure
• Online self-disclosure follows a different pattern
• Self-disclosure is usually reciprocal
• Self-disclosure can serve many purposes
• Self-disclosure is influenced by cultural and
gender roles
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Self-Disclosure
• Self-disclosure has benefits
trust
• Reciprocity
• Emotional release
• Helping others
• Catharsis
•
E.g. post secret http://postsecret.com/
© Ralph Nelson/Warner Bros./Courtesy Everett Collection
• Enhancement of relationships and
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Self-Disclosure
• Self-disclosure has risks
• Rejection
• Chance of obligating others
• Hurt to others
• Violation of other people’s privacy
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Self-Disclosure
• Online self-disclosure has specific challenges
and risks
• Be careful what you say
• Protect your personal information
• Think twice before posting photos
• Don’t say or show something you wouldn’t
want shared
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
• Self-Disclosure
• Process of deliberately revealing information about
oneself
• Must be deliberate
• Must be significant
• Not known by others
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
• Models of Self-Disclosure
• Altman and Taylor – social penetration
• Breadth of information being volunteered
• Depth of information volunteered
• Depending on breadth and depth, relationship can be casual or intimate
• Measuring depth
• Some revelations more significant
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45
Encouraging Self-Awareness
• You have a friend who seems totally lacking in
self-awareness – the blind self seems enormous.
Assuming that this person wants to increase selfawareness, what are some of your options for
helping your friend increase self-awareness
without appearing to intrude too much into private
matters?
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
• Benefits and Risks of Self-Disclosure
• Privacy management
• Choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPOEmHczkCw
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
• Benefits and Risks of Self-Disclosure
• Benefits of self-disclosure
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Self-Disclosure in Relationships
• Guidelines for Self-Disclosure
• Is the other person important to you?
• Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate?
• Is the risk of disclosing reasonable?
• Will the effect be constructive?
• Is the self-disclosure reciprocated?
• Do you have a moral obligation to disclose?
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Alternatives to Self-Disclosure
• Silence
• Lying
• Benevolent lie
• Helpful at times to the receiver, unmalicious
• Equivocating
• Use an equivocal message to hide actual feelings
• Hinting
50
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To Disclose or Not
• You discover that your close friend’s romantic partner of the past two
years is being unfaithful. You feel you have an obligation to tell your
friend and decide to do so (though you still have doubts that this is the
right thing to do).
• What are some of the choices you have for communicating this
information to your friend?
• What choice seems the most logical for this specific situation?
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Quiz 2
• You may use your textbook, notes, and
PowerPoints.
• Answer questions 1-10. Turn into me when you
are done.