Transcript Chapter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking

Unit 1
Introduction
to
Public
Speaking
Chapter 1
Speaking in Public
Why Study Public
Speaking?
• Empowerment
– Give you an edge
– Audition for leadership
• Employment
– 1st factor sought by employers
– 2nd is writing skills
Public Speaking and
Conversation
• Public speaking is more
planned
• Public speaking is more
formal
• The roles of public speakers
and audiences are more
clearly defined
What is Communication?
• The sending and receiving of messages in
order to establish shared meaning
• Requires Competence In:
* Understanding Cultural
Guidelines
* Critical Thinking
* Ethics
* Power
* Listening
Models of Communication
Linear
Interactional
Transactional
Interference / Noise
Frame of
Reference
Frame of
Reference
Encode
Decode
Messages
&
Context
Decode
Sender
Encode
Receiver
Points of
Contact
The Communication Model
Frame of Reference
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Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Environment
Culture
Family
Values
Beliefs
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Education
Experiences
Interests
Dislikes
Prejudices
Self-Perceptions
Personal
Expectations
Messages & Context
Messages
• Feedforward
• Feedback
• Meanings
Channels
Visual & Auditory
Tactile & Chemical
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Context
Setting / Situation
Timing
Cultural Rules
Relationships
between
communicators
Noise
Internal
External
Physiological
Environmental
(Auditory and
Visual)
Psychological
7 Principles of Communication
1. Communication is a process of
adjustment
2. Communication is a Package of
Messages
3. Communication is Ambiguous
(Messages can have multiple
meanings)
7 Principles of Communication
4. Communication Involves content
and relational dimensions
5. Communication is punctuated
(Organized into stimuli/response)
6. Communication is Purposeful
7. Communication is Inevitable,
Irreversible, and Unrepeatable
Public Speaking and
Audience Diversity
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Culture
Chapter 2
Overview
of the
Speechmaking
Process
Consider Your Audience
• Needs
• Attitudes
• Beliefs
• Values
• Other Characteristics
Select and Narrow
Your Topic
• Who is the audience?
• What is the occasion?
• What are my interests, talents,
experiences?
Determine Your Purpose
• To Inform
– Teach
– Define
– Illustrate
– Clarify
• To Persuade
• To Entertain
Develop Your Central
Idea
• Does it have logical
divisions?
• Reasons idea is true?
• Can you support with
series of steps?
Gathering Verbal/Visual
Supporting Material
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Facts
Examples
Definitions
Quotations
Relate Material to Listeners’
Lives
Organize Your Speech
• Central Idea
• Introduction
• Body
• Conclusion
• Outlining
Rehearse Your Speech
• Practice Out Loud
• Practice Eye
Contact
• Decide On Style
Deliver Your Speech
• Assess Audience
• Use Effective Eye
Contact
• Concentrate on
Message and Audience
• Use Conversational
Style
Chapter 3
Credibility, Ethics
and
Public Speaking
Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals
• Ethos - Speaker Credibility
• Pathos - Message Tone
• Logos - Message Logic /
Reasoning
• Mythos - Implied / Symbolic
Meaning
Credibility
Defined:
The Audience’s Perception of
Whether a Speaker Is Qualified to
Speak on a Given Topic.
Two Main Factors:
Competence and Character
Competence
How the Audience
Regards the
Speaker’s:
•Intelligence
•Expertise
•Subject
Knowledge
Character
How the Audience
Regards the Speaker’s:
• Sincerity
•Trustworthiness
•Concern for the
Audience
Types of Credibility
• Initial - before the presentation
(past knowledge and first
impressions)
• Derived - Developed during the
speech delivery
• Terminal - What is thought after the
speech is completed
Credibility Is Significantly
Affected by Delivery
• Rate of Speech
• Dialect/Accent and Inflection
Patterns
• Use of Language
• Use of Vocalized Pauses and Fillers
• Use of Body Language and
Appearance
Ways to Build Credibility
Before, During, and After the Speech,
Project the Qualities of:
• Competence
• Concern
• Trustworthiness
• Dynamism
Ethics
Defined:
The branch of philosophy that deals
with issues of right and wrong in
human affairs
Ethical Decisions:
Involve weighing a potential action
against a set of ethical standards or
guidelines.
Speakers Make Ethical
Decisions When:
• Selecting a Topic
• Researching the Speech
• Organizing the Message
• Delivering the Speech
The First Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution
I. Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of
grievances.
Ethical Speaking Guidelines
1. Develop a Clear, Responsible Goal
2. Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
3. Demonstrate Sensitivity to and
Tolerance of Differences
4. Speak Honestly
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Follow the Guidelines for Ethical
Listening
Ethical Listening
• Communicate Your Expectation and
Provide Feedback
• Be Sensitive To and Tolerant Of
Differences
• Listen Critically
• Hold The Speaker To His or Her
Ethical Responsibilities
Three Types of Plagiarism
• Global - Stealing an Entire Message and
Claiming It As Your Own
• Patchwork - Taking Ideas From Two or
Three Sources and Not Crediting the
Source
• Incremental - Failing to Give Credit for
Particular Parts of a Message (Quotations,
Paraphrases, Statistics, Etc.)
Protect Yourself from Committing
Accidental Plagiarism
• Be Careful When Taking Research Notes
– Distinguish Between:
• Direct Quotations
• Paraphrased Material
• Your Own Ideas
• When in Doubt, Always Cite Your
Source
Chapter 4
Improving
Your
Confidence
Reasons for Being Nervous
1. Fear of Being Stared At
2. Fear of Failure
3. Fear of Rejection
4. Fear of the Unknown
Understanding Speaking
Apprehension
1. Realize That Some Apprehension Is
Normal
2. Understand the Type of Apprehension
You Are Experiencing
Apprehension Can Be Based On:
a. Context - Type of Communication
b. Audience - Reaction to Receiver(s)
c. Situation - Timing or Level of
Preparation
d. Personality – Trait-like Characteristics
Causes of Apprehension
Influences
Situational Elements
• Heredity
(Communibiology)
• Modeling
• Childhood
Reinforcement
• Expectancy
Learning
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Novelty
Formality
Status
Unfamiliarity
Degree of Attention
from Others
Reactions to Apprehension
• Physiological Reactions
– Fight or Flight – Adrenaline Rush
• Behavioral Reactions
– Avoidance and Excuse-making
• Psychological Reactions
– Feelings of Failure Before the Event
– Hyper Awareness
– Loss of Concentration
Understanding Your
Apprehension
Using the Personal Report of
Communication Apprehension
PRCA-24
The PRCA-24
Low
Sub-Scores
Moderate
6
15-18
Group
Meeting
Interpersonal
Public Speaking
Mean
15.4
16.4
14.5
19.3
High
30
St. Deviation
4.8
4.8
4.2
5.1
The PRCA-24
Overall: Trait-like CA
Low
24
Moderate
50
Overall Score
High
65
80
120
Mean
65.6
St. Deviation
15.3
Coping Strategies
(Treatments)
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Cognitive Restructuring
Visualization
Systematic Desensitization
Rhetoritherapy (Skills Training)
Physical Exercises
Breathing / Stretching / Isometric
Guidelines for Controlling
Nervousness
1. Put Fear Into Perspective
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Accept some fear as normal
Analyze the cause of the fear
2. Build Confidence with Preparation and
Practice
3. Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat
Anxiety
Building Your Confidence
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Know Audience
Be Prepared
Select Appropriate Topic
Recreate Environment
Know Introduction And
Conclusion
Building Your Confidence
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Visualize Success
Use Deep-breathing
Focus On Message
Mental Pep Talk
Channel Energy
Seek Opportunities