Transcript Linguistics - Mullerclass

Do Now
List
as many words as
you can think of to
describe a body of
water (example:
ocean)
Communication
Linguistics
and the
Arts
What do the following
words mean?
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
Whalers
Crisps
Pop
Trousers
Sucker
Billfold
Thermals
Kleenex
Linguistics
 The
essential function of language
is communication
 Language is the medium for the
transition of culture
 Human communication is no
limited to spoken language
Cognition
 Not
all people process the
world in the same way.
Cognition is based on both
language and culture, as well
as biology
Non-human
communication
 Systems
of communication are not
unique to humans
 Other animals communicate
through sound, odor, and body
movement
 The
ability of gorillas and
chimpanzees to learn sign
language suggests symbolic
communication is not unique to
humans
Vervet Monkeys
Human
Communication
Symbolic
Arbitrary
Open
in meaning
Symbolic
Language
has meaning
even when its referent in
not present
Arbitrary in meaning
There
is no “natural” word
for a thing. We “make-up”
what to call it.
Do Now:
See
handout
Open
 Language
is governed by
complex rules about how
sounds and sequences of
sounds can be combined to
produce an infinite variety of
meanings
Descriptive Linguistics
 Also
known as structural
linguistics
 Seeks to determine the rules
of:
– Phonology
– Morphology
– Syntax
Phones
 Phones
are sounds
 Phonology is the study of the rules
that predict how sounds are made
and used
 Phonemes- a sound or set of
sounds that makes a difference in
meaning
Morphs
 The
smallest unit of language
that has meaning is a morph
 Morphology is the study of how
sound sequences convey
meaning
 Morphemes- one or more
morphs with the same meaning
Syntax
How
words are strung
together to form
phases or sentences
Lexicon
A list
of a languages
morphs and
meanings
Closure
Exit
Ticket: Write
down 3 things you
learned about
parts of speech.
Do Now
If
you could learn to
speak another
language which one
would you learn?
Why? (3 Sentences)
Historical Linguistics
 Historic
linguistics seek to
determine the origins and
changes in languages over
time
Dialects
Variations
on a
language spoken in an
area by several groups
Origins of Language
 Linguists
study the origins of
languages by comparing
common elements in
languages
 Cognates-words that have the
same meaning in multiple
languages
Protolanguages
 Are
presumed languages from
which other languages originate
 Proto-Indo European (about 50%
of world languages)
 Sino-Tibetan
 Bantu
 Native America Amarid
Dyen List
A list
of Proto IndoEuropean cognates
English
 English
is an IndoEuropean language
 English is a Germanic
language
 Nearly
1/3 of English words are
French in origin (1066 Norman
invasion of England)
 During the Renaissance Latin and
Greek words are added to English
Language Divergence
 Both
isolation and contact lead
to the evolution of new
languages
 The isolation of the German
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on
an island =English
 European
colonization in the
1400-1700 = the spread of
Spanish, English, and French
 The spread of Islam = spread
of Arabic
Closure
Do
you think the
world is becoming
more unilingual or
multilingual? Why?
Do Now
What
other words
can you use that
mean the same thing
as “kill”? (3
Sentences)
Writing
 Writing
developed c.5KYA to
keep track of planting cycles
 Calendars were the first form of
writing
 Writing
evolved along the
following lines
– Ideograms-
image = idea
– Pictograms- image = what it is a
picture of
– Phonograms- image = a sound
Alphabet
 Our
alphabet was originally
developed by the Phoenicians
 The Greeks adopted and
modified the Phoenician
alphabet
 The
Romans adopted and
modified the alphabet further
 The alphabet was further
changed by the Germans after
the fall of Rome
Exit Ticket
Is
it right for the military
to use other words to
describe killing? What
effect might this have
on our society?
Do Now
Type
1- 4 LinesWhat will a girl or
guy do to show
they like you?
Exit Ticket
Why
do you think
people pick up on nonverbal communication
clues so easily?
Hieroglyphs
 An
Egyptian phonographic
writing system
 Rosetta Stone- important
archaeological find that allowed
for the translation of
hieroglyphs
Khipu
 Also
spelled quipu, an Incan
writing method that uses knots
to record information. In some
ways it is similar to the binary
code of computers
Language and Culture
 The
way society views the world
around it can be reflected in its
language
 More complex societies have
larger vocabularies
 Core Vocabulary- non-specialist
vocabulary
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
 Language
also influences
culture
 Studies show societies whose
languages have more gender
emphasis developed gender
concepts earlier
Ethnography of Speaking
 Speech
can reveal social status
 Lower class individuals generally
speak heterogeneously, while high
classes speak homogenously
(Grammar)
 Age, social standing, occupation
can all be reflected in speech
Ethnography of
Speaking
 Gender
differences and biases
are often seen in language
 Directs vs. Indirect commands
(How to Give Orders Like a
Man) (Eastern vs. Western
Cultures)
Sociolinguistics

The study of culture and
subculture patterns of
speaking in different social
contexts:
Codeswitching
Changing
languages
in the course of a
conversation
Diglosia
 A situation
where there is more
than one language spoken
 There is almost always a
language hierarchy
Language Planning
 MSA-
Modern Standard Arabic
The Arts
Art, like language, is a cultural universal
 It is an expressive form of
communication
 It stimulates senses, affects emotions, it
has cultural meaning, it is produced in a
culturally patterned way, and some
people are thought to be better at it
than others

Body Art
 All
societies decorate or adorn
the body
 Examples include:
Scaring
– Piercing
– Tattoos
– Branding
–
Visual Art
 A cultures’
technology and
materials are the two restraining
limits on art
 Two aspects reveled in a societies
art are items of importance and
social stratification
Music
 Cultural
complexity reveals itself in
a cultures’ music
 Cross-culture studies suggest links
between music style and child
rearing, gender stratification, and
social stratification
Folklore
 Folklore
includes myths, legends,
folktales, ballads, riddles, proverbs,
and superstations
 Cross-culture research suggests
aggression in folklore mirrors
aggression in society
Folklore
 Folklore
reveals cultural
norms and rules
 Folklore is traditional
transmitted orally
Arabic Art
 The
Quran forbids images of
Allah or Mohamed
 As such Islamic art tends to
focus less on individuals and
more on complex geometric
patters.
Art is always changing
 Cultural
contact has profound
impact on art
 Commercialization affects art
as well