Transcript Unit2PractitionerJohnsonConflictChisq..

Unit 2 Practitioner’s Work
Johnson’s Conflict-Leadership Style
Measure (Proverbs)
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What is your conflict style and is there
a difference between our hypothetical
groups?
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First, take the measure to determine
your conflict leadership style.
http://www.csb.uncw.edu/people/magnus
j/MGT%20358%20Lecture%20Slides/conf
ict%20management%20strategies%20qu
estionnaire.doc
Source: Johnson, David W. Reaching out,
interpersonal effectiveness and self
actualization. (2nd ed.) New York:
Prentice Hall, 1981.
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Conflict Strategy
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The higher the total score for each
conflict strategy, the more
frequently you tend to use that
strategy.
The lower the total score is for each
conflict strategy, the less frequently
you tend to use that strategy.
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Hypothetical Study
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Imagine a study was conducted to
determine the leadership styles of
communication and leadership majors
versus business majors.
Research question: “Are there
differences in the conflict-leadership
styles of between communication and
leadership majors and business majors?"
Operational definition for our
hypothetical study. "Conflict-leadership
style is the primary style of the individual
as measured by the Proverb ConflictLeadership Style Inventory (Johnson,
1981).“
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An example experimental study.
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We could give a pretest, a
treatment--say taking a
communication and leadership
course--and a post-test.
We could measure changes caused
by the treatment.
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Chi-square
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We would use a Chi-square because
it is nominal data.
When using Chi-square, you'll
typically want at least 20 people or
items per cell for accurate results.
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Imagine the hypothetical results looked
like this information.
Group by Major
Withdrawing (the
Turtle)
Avoiding
Forcing (the
Shark)
Competing
Smoothing (the
Teddy Bear)
Accommodatin
g
Compromising (
the Fox)
Compromising
Confronting (the
Owl)
Collaborating
Group 1
Communication
& Leadership
Majors
20
50
50
100
150
Group 2
Business Majors
20
180
100
30
40
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Enter the data and calculate.
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CALCULATE in an online calculator,
SPSS, EXCEL, or other program.
Enter the data and calculate.
Is there a difference between the
two groups (Communication &
Leadership Majors and Business
Majors?
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Finding An Online Calculator
If a link doesn’t work, find your own.
You can search by using your
favorite browser and entering
“statistics calculator” or “chi-square
calculator” or similar key words.
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Online Calculators
I recommend a university-based
calculator like this one, but there
are many fine commercial
calculators too.
 http://people.ku.edu/~preacher/chi
sq/chisq.htm
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Enter the data. In this case, a free
online Chi-square calculator was used.
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When you enter the data and calculate, here is the
result:
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Chi-square table.
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"The number of degrees of freedom
associated with a contingency table
consisting of r rows and c columns is (r-1)
(c-1). . .
In order to test the null hypothesis, we
compare the test statistic with the critical
value Chi-square at the probability level
we want to use. Let us use .05.“
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Using a Chi-Square Table
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Go to a Chi-Square table in any
statistics textbook or online, and
you can see whether or not there is
a significant difference.
In this case, when you check the
table, the results are higher than
needed for a .05 level of confidence
or a .001 level of confidence.
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If you look at the degrees of
freedom at the left (select 4 for this
example remember) and go across
to .05 level, the Chi-square needs
to be higher than 9.488.
The data yield a Chi-square much
higher than needed to suggest
there is a significant difference
between the two majors.
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Interpretation
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We can be confident that these results did
not happen by chance.
The results cannot "prove" anything, but
"suggest" or "support."
We interpret that in this hypothetical
study, communication and leadership
majors are more likely to use a
collaboration style and business majors
are more likely to use a competitive
style.
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"The data suggest a difference
between the conflict-leadership
styles of communication and
leadership majors and business
majors."
Remember, this study is fictional,
not real.
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Null hypothesis.
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If the hypothesis is H0: There is no
significant difference between the
conflict-leadership style of communication
and leadership majors and business
majors, we reject the null hypothesis.
Explanation about null
hypothesis: http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/st
eps/glossary/hypothesis_testing.html
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Hypothesis:
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If our hypothesis is: "There is a
significant difference between the
conflict-leadership style of
communication and leadership
majors and business majors,” then
the data supports the hypothesis.
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End
You’re making progress up the hill!
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