Transcript English for Journalism & Communcation

English for Journalism &
Communcation
Lecturer: Qiu Ling
Teaching Aims
●Professional Acquirement: vocabulary.
Books. Classical texts reading
●Practice Acquirement: Reading News and
Writing, grasping the characters of English
news.
●International Communication Theories
and Practice.
Teaching Methods:
Lecture and Participation
Teaching Arrangement: 17 weeks
• Classical texts Reading ------8 weeks
( Student Preview, Focus on one or two
passages, Notice main points and words)
• Analysing English News------7 weeks
Reading and Writing, Announcer,
Anchor&Presenter
• International Communication------2 weeks
Theories, International Media Groups
Wilbur Schamm
• (1907 – 1987) He is
sometimes called the
"father of
communication
studies," and had a
great influence on the
development of
communication
research in the United
States, and the
establishing of
departments of
communication
studies in US
universities.
• His interests extended beyond the humanistic
tradition, and some of his early work examined
the economic conditions surrounding the
publication of Chaucer's （英国诗人乔叟）tales,
and audience reactions to poetry written in
different meters. During the Second World War,
Schramm joined the Office of War Information to
investigate the nature of propaganda, and during
this time and after employed largely behaviorist
methodologies.
• Schramm was
especially
influential for his
1964 book
Mass Media and
National
Development
• （1960）Mass communications (2nd ed)
• (1963). The science of human
communication.
• (1964).Mass media and national
development
• (1997). The beginnings of communication
study in America: A personal memoir.
• (1971). The process and effects of mass
communication
• Charles Cooley (1864--1929) was an American
sociologist.
• He studied and went on to teach economics and
sociology at the University of Michigan, and he
was a founding member and the eighth
president of the American Sociological
Association. He is perhaps most well known for
his concept of the looking glass self, which is
the concept that a person's self grows out of
society's interpersonal interactions and the
perceptions of others.
Denis McQuail
• Denis McQuail is an academic and writer within
the field of communication theories. He has
written over a dozen books since 1968, mostly
concerned with mass media. Best known is his
contribution to the education of the public,
concerning communication theory. His work has
centered on explaining communication theories
and their applications. He is adamant about
informing the public on the benefits and dangers
of mass communication.
• he published a book
Communication Models
• McQuail's next book,
• Mass Communication Theory
discusses in greater detail the mass
communication concept
McQuail posits six normative
theories of media purpose
P5
Authoritarian theory
"In this context the media are servants of
state, the mouthpiece of government. If
they are perceived to fail in that
capacity,by showing a degree of editorial
independence ,they are censored or shut
down"
Free Press theory
....The "free "claim fearlessness in the pursuit the
truth. They take a pride in being the conscience
and watchdog over the rights of the people.
• the First Amendment
• McQuail asks, as perhaps we all must, exactly
whose freedom the media are expressing; and
how free is free in situations dominated by
competition, reliance on advertising and deeply
affected by ownship, all operating in wider
contexts in which there are conflicting interests
and competing definations of freedom.
social responsibility theory
• P6
• In party political matters Free Press theory
insists on the right to be biased in favour
of one party against another, to flatter the
one and disparage the other, whereas the
Social responsibility theory would argue
that,in the pubilc interest, and in the
interests of true representation(or an
aspiration to it),both sides of a case should
be put.
Soviet theory
• The media in Soviet Russia were the voice of
the state,yes,but theoretically they were also the
voice of the people.
• the role of media was to mobilise and to sustain
the socialist revolution, to defend it against
counter-revolution and to protect it from the "evil"
influence of capitalism.
• Censorship was accepable if it meant that the
people were shielded from ideas and information
which might contradict, and therefore
undermine,the ruling ideology of communism.
Development theory
• It favours journalism which seeks out good news,
in contrast to the Free Press position where
journalists respond most readily（乐意地） to
stories of disaster, and for whom "bad news is
good news "because it commands bigger
headlines.
• As an antidote(解决办法） to the bad news
syndrome（这样的现象）, Development theory
seeks to accentuate the positive; it nurtures the
autonomyof the developing nation and gives
special emphasis to indigenous cultures.
• The wealthy capitalist nations, and their
media advocates, see the world as their
backyard.
• the New World Information Order
Marshall McLuhan
• Herbert Marshall McLuhan, CC (July 21, 1911 –
December 31, 1980) was a Canadian educator,
philosopher, and scholar—a professor of English
literature, a literary critic, a rhetorician, and a
communication theorist. McLuhan's work is viewed as
one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory.
• McLuhan is known for the expressions "the medium is
the message" and "global village". McLuhan was a
fixture in media discourse from the late 1960s to his
death and he continues to be an influential and
controversial figure. More than ten years after his death
he was named the "patron saint" of Wired magazine.
The Mechanical Bride (1951)
The Gutenberg Galaxy (1962)
Understanding Media (1964)
"Hot" and "cool" media
The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of
Effects (1967)
War and Peace in the Global Village (1968)
From Cliché to Archetype (1970)
Hot and Cold
• A hot medium is one that extends one
single sense in "high definition".High
definition is the state of being well filled
with data.
• A cold medium are high in participations or
completion by the audience.
• p9
• By putting our physical bodies inside our
extended nervous systems, by means of
electric media,we set up a dynamic by
which all previous technologies that are
mere extensions of hands and feet and
teeth and boodily heat-controls-all such
extensions of our bodies,including citieswill be translated into information systems.
Harold Adams Innis
•
(November 5, 1894 –
November 8, 1952) was a
Canadian professor of
political economy at the
University of Toronto and
the author of seminal
works on media,
communication theory
and Canadian economic
history.
Minerval's Owl
• I have attemped to suggest that Western
civilization has been profoundly influenced
by communication and that marked
changes in communication have had
important implications.
• p11
• In each period I have attempted to trace
the implications of the media of
communication for the character of
knowledge and to suggest that a
monopoly or an oligopoly of knowledge is
bulit up to the point that equilibrium is
disturbed.
• In the words of Hume:" As force is always
on the side of the governed, the governors
have nothing to support but opinion. It is,
therefore, on opinion that goverment is
founded; and this maxim extends to the
most despotic and the most military
goverments as well as to the most free
and most popular."
Photojournalism as Eyewitness to
History
• The twentieth century belongs to the
photojournalists. They have provided us
with a visual history unduplicated by
images from any comparable period of
human existence.
• The camera, in the hands of well-educated
and well-informed photographers, provides
us with images of unprecedented power
and indisputable information about the
world in which we live---its struggles and
its accomplishments. (P14)
• To ignore photojournalism is to ignore
history.
• Photojournalists sometimes chronicle a
world of simple pleasures and rountine
existence:a festival, a political campaign, a
family reunion.
• photojournalists are rarely objective,they
have a collective commitment(共同的任务）
to truth and reality.
■They give a voice to the voiceless,power
to the powerless,and help to the helpless.
■freelance photographers
■Still photographs have been characterized
as "frozen monments in time"
■ to preserve forever a finite fraction of the
infinite time of the unvierse.
• It arrests the eye,invites reflection,
provokes emotion. It is the experience
share, the moment preserved.