Transcript No Slide Title - Cengage Learning

PowerPoint Presentation to accompany
Looking Out, Looking In, Tenth Edition
Chapter 2: Communication and the Self
Presentation prepared by
Dr. Michael Pearson, Gretchen Gill, and Tim
Scanlon of West Chester University
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CHAPTER 2
Communication
and the Self
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Communication and the Self
• Communication and the Self-Concept
• The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and
Communication
• Presenting the Self: Communication as
Identity Management
• Characteristics of Identity Management
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Communication and The SelfConcept
Self-Concept: the relatively stable set of
perceptions you hold of yourself.
Self Esteem: evaluations of self-worth
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Communication and The SelfConcept
How the Self-Concept Develops
• Reflected Appraisals: The looking-glass self
Reflected appraisal - each of us develops a self- concept
that matches the way we believe others see us
Significant others - people whose opinions we especially
value
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Communication and The SelfConcept
How the Self-Concept Develops
Social Comparisons
• We evaluate ourselves in terms of how we compare to
others
• Reference groups - groups against which we compare
ourselves, thereby influencing our self-esteem and
self-concept
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Communication and The SelfConcept
Characteristics of the Self-Concept
• The self-concept is subjective
• The self-concept resists change
Cognitive conservatism: tendency to cling to an
existing self-concept even when evidence shows that it
is obsolete
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Communication and the SelfConcept
Influences on Identity
•Culture
•Ethnicity
•Sex and Gender
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Communication and The SelfConcept
Culture and the Self-Concept
Individualistic Cultures
• Self is separate, individuals should be independent
• Individual should take care of him/herself and immediate
family
• Friends are based on shared interests and activities
• Reward for individual achievement and initiative
• High value on autonomy, individual security, equality
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Communication and The SelfConcept
Culture and the Self-Concept
Collectivistic Cultures
• People belong to extended families or a group
• Person should take care of extended family before self
• Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent ingroups
• Reward for contribution to group goals
• High value on duty, order, tradition, age, group security,
status, and hierarchy
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Communication and The SelfConcept
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
and Communication
• Self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when a person’s
expectations of an event make the outcome more
likely to occur than would otherwise have been true
• Types of self-fulfilling prophecies:
Self-imposed prophecies
Imposed prophecies by others
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Communication and The SelfConcept
Changing Your Self-Concept
• Have a realistic perception of yourself
• Have realistic expectations
• Have the will to change
• Have the skill to change
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
• Identity Management – the
communication strategies
people use to influence how
others view them.
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
Public and Private Selves
• Perceived self – reflection of the self-concept, the person
you believe yourself to be
• Presenting self – public image, the way we want others
to view us
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
Characteristics of Identity Management
•
•
•
•
•
We strive to construct multiple identities.
Identity management is collaborative.
Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious.
Identity management varies by situation.
People differ in their degree of identity management.
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
Why Manage Identities?
• Social rules govern our behavior
• Accomplish personal goals
• Sometimes identity management aims at
achieving relational goals such as
affiliation, control or respect
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
How Do We Manage Identities?
Face to Face Impression Management
• Manner – consists of a communicator’s words and
nonverbal actions
• Appearance – personal items people use to shape an image
• Setting – physical items we use to influence how others
view us
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
How Do We Manage Identities?
Mediated Communication
•Appearance: paper, words, images, sounds
•Editing: including or excluding information
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Presenting The Self:
Communication as Identity
Management
Identity Management and Honesty
Although identity management might seem
manipulative, it can be an authentic form of
communication. Because each person has a
variety of faces that he or she can reveal,
choosing which one to present need not be
dishonest.
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