Transcript Farrell powerpoint

The Beginning
• First Scholarly
Journal:1665
• Peer review
begins: 1669
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Scholarly
communication
Academics, scholars and researchers
sharing and publishing their research
findings so that they are available to the
wider academic community and
beyond.
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Scholarly
communication
The creation, transformation,
dissemination and preservation of
knowledge related to teaching,
research and scholarly endeavors.
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Serial Crisis:
Journal prices are increasing
• 227% increase from
1986 to 2002
- an average of 13%
• Cost of living increase
1986 to 2002: 51%
- an average of 3%
• Increases from 20022006: 38%
• Currently, increases are
continuing at this rate
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Serial Crisis:
Journal prices by subject
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Serials Crisis:
Publishers’ profits
• Since the 20s, academic publishers’ profits
averaged around 4%
• Profits in 2002: over 30%
• Profits in 2007: Over 25%
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Serials Crisis:
Mergers and journal proliferation
• The academic
publishing industry
has gone from many
small publishers to
dozens, and now to
a handful of
important players
LexisNexis, Martindale Hubbell,
Butterworth, Harcourt, Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, Cahners, JAI Press, Chilton,
CIS, Academic Press, BioMed Net,
Engineering Information, Pergamon
Press, Beilstein, Cell Press, Mosby,
Churchill Livingstone, Saunders, Elsevier
Science
= Reed Elsevier
• The top 9 publishers brought in almost
43% of the revenue in 2007
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Serials Crisis:Library
Expenditures
• Increase in serials expenditures from 1986 to 2003 for
ARL libraries was 260%; monographs increased by 66%
during that time
• Average number of serials purchased:
1986: 15,919
2003: 18,142
• Cornell: 930 Elsevier titles - 2% of the serials titles to
which Cornell subscribes, but over 20% of the total
serials expenditures
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Serials Crisis:
Publishers’ profits
• Electronic site licenses for universities are
priced at about 6 times as much per page for
the 10 most-cited commercial journals (all of
which are now owned by Elsevier) as for the 10
most-cited non-profit journals.
Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 16, Number 4 —Fall 2002—Pages 227–238
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Serials Crisis:The results
• Monographs purchases increase little (if at all)
• Humanities and Social Science serials are cut to
enable the purchase of higher-priced science
journals
• The move to electronic subscriptions threatens the
permanence of information, if access ends with
cancelation
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Open Access
Serials crisis + internet =
(among other things)
The Open Access Movement
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Open Access
Throughout the 80s and 90s scholars were beginning to
publish and archive their work in openly accessible ways
- Postmodern
Culture - Johns Hopkins University Press, University of California, Irvine, University of Virginia
- Psycoloquy -sponsored by the American Psychological Association (APA)
- arXiv.org - Cornell University
- BioMed
Central - U.K.-based publishing house
- PubMed Central - U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Open Access
Librarians became seriously involved in the
movement with the creation of SPARC in 1997
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Open Access
The movement became international in the early
years of the new millennium:
• Budapest Open Access Initiative, February
2002:
"An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible
an unprecedented public good."
• Bethesda Statement on Open Access
Publishing June 2003:
“We believe that open access will be an essential component of scientific
publishing in the future and that works reporting the results of current
scientific research should be as openly accessible and freely useable as
possible.”
• Berlin Declaration on Open Access to
Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities,
October 2003:
Our mission of disseminating knowledge is only half complete if the
information is not made widely and readily available to society...we have
drafted the Berlin Declaration to promote the Internet as a functional
instrument for a global scientific knowledge base...
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Open Access:
What’s freely available
• 73 percent of all articles and 100 percent of the
papers published in the four leading economics
journals
• 37 to 45 percent of the content of three leading
journals, Science, Nature and the New England
Journal of Medicine
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Open Access:
two components
New models of publishing:
Open Access Journals
Self- Archiving:
Institutional and Subject-based
repositories
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Open Access Journals:
What’s available
Text
Text
Almost 3300 peer-reviewed journals are listed in
the Directory of Open Access Journals—
compared to 2000 in 2006—and over 200 of the
titles are tracked for impact by Thomson-ISI
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Open Access
Journals:Publishing models
• All journals are Open Access:
- PLoS
- PubMed Central
• Research articles are Open
Access, but some content is
subscription/fee based:
- BioMed Central
• Hybrid model – some articles
free (if paid for by author):
- Elsevier Sponsored Articles
- Cambridge Open Option
- Stanford’s Highwire Press
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Open Access:
Self Archiving
• Pre-prints and post-prints deposited in an institutional repository
or open archive
• About 91% of peer-reviewed journals allow authors to self-archive
preprint and/or postprint versions of their papers
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Open Access:
Self Archiving
• Repositories are complex, with storage, workflow,
preservation, and management considerations
Current repositories listed by repository directories:
OpenDOAR.org: 1100+; Openarchive.org: 779; OAIster.org: 939
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Global Impact: Aggregators
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Global Impact: Aggregators
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Global Impact: Aggregators
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Global Impact: Aggregators
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Author concerns
Confusion and uncertainty about intellectual property
issues
Scholarly credit and how the material in IRs would be
used
The perception of Open Access content being of low
quality
A lack of mandatory policies for depositing
manuscripts
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Intellectual property
• Author Rights
• New models of copyright
• Publishers policies
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Citation Impact
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Citation Impact
• Open Access articles get more cites than their non-OA
Counterparts
• As more OA Journals are selection for citation indexing,
more are rising to high factor levels of their fields:
BMC Bioinformatics, BMC Cell Biology,
BMC Genomics, BMC Molecular Biology,
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,
PLoS Biology, Critical Care, Breast Cancer Research,
Arthritis Research & Therapy
Citation Impact
• Two recent econometric studies of economists'
salaries estimated that on average, controlling for
age and number of articles published, doubling
one's number of citations increases one's salary by
7-14%.
Baser, O. & Pena, E. The return of publications for academic faculty. Econ. Bull. 1(1), 1-13 (2003)
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Citation Impact
• The additional readership:
- Won’t come from large, research-oriented USA
universities - they already subscribe to all of the
moderately-priced society journals and to many
high-priced commercial journals
- It will come from researchers and teachers at
small institutions, third world institutions, and from
scholars and intellectuals who are not employed at
academic institutions or other major research
establishments.
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
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Mandates
• 81% of authors would willingly comply with a
mandate from their employer or research
funder to deposit copies of their articles in a
repository. 13% would comply reluctantly; 5%
would not comply with such a mandate.
Swan, Alma and Brown, Sheridan (2005) Open access self-archiving: An author study. Technical Report, Joint
Information Systems Committee (JISC), UK FE and HE funding councils . Technical Report.
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Mandates
• As of April 7, 2008, all articles arising from NIH funds
must be submitted to PubMed Central upon acceptance
for publication.
• On February 12, 2008, the Harvard University Faculty of
Arts and Sciences voted to give the University a
worldwide license to make each faculty member's
scholarly articles available.
• There are currently 12 university or departmental
mandates adopted worldwide and 11 funder mandates,
plus one multi-institutional mandate and six funder
mandates proposed.
Fischer, K. (2007). So Close, Yet Still so Far? Transitions. November 16th, 2007
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Serials Crisis revisited
Which kind of journal is more costly?
Librarians:
Non-profits 0%
About same 4%
For-profits 96%
Physics Department chairs:
Non-profits
8%
About same 38%
For-profits
53%
Cost per page
Cost per cite
Physics
for-profit
0.63
non-profit
0.19
for-profit
0.38
Bergstrom. (2004). The Peculiar Market for Academic Journals. Second Nordic Conference on Scholarly
Communication in Lund, Sweden.
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non-profit
0.05
Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:
Institutional Repositories
1675:
Peer Review
introduced
1969:
ARPAnet
(Internet begins)
2000s:
Open Access
movement
1990s:
Serials crisis
1991:
World Wide Web
begins
1991:
arXiv at
Los Alamos
1665:
First scholarly
journal published
1999:
California
Digital
Library
(Philosophical Transactionsof
the Royal Society)
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
2001:
ePrints
2002:
CDL launches
eScholarship
Repository
2002:
DSpace
2001:
Australian National
University E-Print
Repository
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2003:
Fedora
2004:
Digital
Commons
2003:
SPARC IR Checklist
& Resource guide
Timeline of Scholarly Communcation:
Open Access Publishing
2005:
Wellcome Trust
Open Access
mandate
Pre-2000:
Much localized
activity _
Peter Suber's
OA Timeline
2003:Berlin
1999:
Declaration
Open
on Open Access
2004:
Archives
to Knowledgein the OECD Declaration
Initiative
Sciencesand
on Access to
(OAI)
Humanities
Research from
1998:
2001:
Public Funding
SPARC
Budapest
created
Open Access
2003:
by ARL
Initiative
UN declaration
on Open Access
2000:
PubMed
full text
1971:
Project
Gutenberg
2003:
PLoS
Biology
1997:
Research Papers
in Economics;
PubMed
Tom Farrell CARL Conference Scholarly Communication April 2, 2008
2004:
National Library
of Canada Open Access to
Doctoral Theses
2004:
NOAA access
to publicfunded
weather,
water,
climate data
2004:
Elsevier
allows
open access
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2006
European
2005:
Commission
Russell Report
Group on OA
endorses
Open
Access
2007:
NIH OA
becomes
law
2005:
NIH Public
Access Policy
2008:
Harvard
moves
to OA