Transcript Flying the Weather - University of Notre Dame

Crew Resource Management/
Personal Survival
Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative
By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators
“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”
Instructor Introduction
NROTC Unit Notre Dame
Naval Flight Officer Training
VP-10
VP-31
Iceland Defense Force
Naval Postgraduate School
VP-26
FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, ME
USS Enterprise (CVN-65)
NROTC Unit Notre Dame
Lesson Plan Objectives
 Understand goal of CRM
 Know the history of CRM
 Understand behaviors that contribute
to effective crew resource management
 Understand factors that cause general
aviation accidents
 Possible actions to take when faced
with potential survival situation
Aviation “Sea Story”
EFFECTIVE
CREW RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”
Crew Resource Management
It takes a group of individuals …
… to make a CREW
CRM Roadmap
 Goal
 History
 Seven Behaviors
What is the goal of CRM ?
To improve
mission effectiveness
by minimizing crew preventable
errors, maximizing
crew coordination
and optimizing
risk management.
History of CRM
Airlines initiated program to increase crew coordination.
NASA conducted research and made recommendations.
U.S. Navy integrated Aircrew Coordination Training.
• Naval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures
• Standardized Flight Procedures
• Academics
• Simulators
What are the seven behaviors
D ecision Making
A ssertiveness
M ission Analysis
C ommunication
L eadership
A daptability/ Flexibility
S ituational Awareness
Decision Making
What is Decision Making?
"Decision making is the
ability to use logical
and sound judgment to
make decisions based
on available
information "
Decision Making
Poor judgment / decision making
 Leading cause of aviation mishaps
 Primary failure to complete missions
Good decisions
 Optimize risk management
 Minimize errors
Poor decisions
 increase errors
Decision Making Process
A ssess the problem
V erify information from all sources
 I dentify solutions
A nticipate consequences
T ell others decision and rationale
E valuate the decision
Factors that Promote Good DM
 Experience
 Extra Time
 Alert Crew Members
 Decision Strategies
 Synergy
Factors that Promote Good DM
"Synergy is achieved when the total effect of
combined action or operation is greater
than the sum of the individual effects"
SYNERGY
ISOLATION
TEAM EFFORT
Barriers to Good DM
How to Overcome Decision Biases
Be aware that we are all prone to them
Seek information from multiple sources
Evaluate potential of numerous options
Evaluate how it would sound on CNN
Assertiveness
What is Assertiveness?
“Assertiveness is one’s
willingness/readiness to
actively participate,
state and maintain
position until convinced
by the facts that other
options are really better.
Comfort Level
• Degree to which you feel content with
what is happening, while taking into
account that flying a mission can be
very dangerous and demanding
• Whenever comfort level’s exceeded:
"SPEAK UP"
The behavior continuum
Passive
Assertive
Overly Aggressive
The behavior continuum
• Passive-Overly courteous
- Avoids conflicts
- Beats around bush
- Along for the ride
• Assertive-Actively involved
- Ready to take action
- Provides useful information
- Makes suggestions
• Overly Aggressive- Dominates situation
- Intimidates
- Abusive
- Hostile
What are some barriers to assertiveness?
Assertiveness
Barriers
Position of authority
Experience
Rank
Lack of confidence
Fear of reprisal
Mission Analysis
What is Mission Analysis ?
The ability to develop
short-term, long-term,
and contingency plans,
as well as to coordinate,
allocate, and monitor
crew and aircraft
resources.
Phases of Mission Analysis
When do we conduct Mission Analysis?
Inflight
Pre-Mission
Post-Mission
Communication
What is Communication?
Communication is
clear and accurate
sending & receiving
of information,
instructions, or
commands, and
providing useful
”feedback”
What are the two modes of communication?
Verbal
 ICS
 Radio communication
Non Verbal
 Any time gestures can be visually observed
 Examples???
Process of Communication
Sender
Feedback
Receiver
Takes in
information
and provides
feedback
Conveys
information
to others
Message
What are some barriers to communication?
Noise
Negative commands (don't go left)
Radio static/interference
External radio communication
ICS broken and unreadable
Poor language skills
Poor communication skills
Non-standard terminology
Rank or experience inequality
Non-relevant communication
Task fixation
Task overload/ underload
Distractions
Personality conflicts
Techniques for overcoming barriers
Use active listening
Use appropriate mode
Use standard terminology
Require feedback
Leadership
What is Leadership ?
Leadership is the ability
to direct and coordinate
the activities of crew
members and to
encourage the crew to
work together as a
team.
Traits of a Good Leader
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Directs, coordinates, and delegates duties
Leads by example
Has knowledge how to accomplish mission
Fosters superior information flow
Gives timely feedback in effective manner
Maintains a professional atmosphere
Keeps crew constantly informed
Minimizes assumptions and confusion
Traits of a Good Follower
• Accomplishes task to accepted standard
• Maintains the necessary knowledge level
• Provides input, suggestions & feedback
without prompting
• Keeps leader informed
• Actively participates
• Helps maintain a positive & professional
team atmosphere
Adaptability / Flexibility
What is Adaptability/Flexibility?
Ability to alter course
of action when new
information becomes
available.
Situations requiring quick adaptation
 Un-briefed situations
 Emergency
 Transition occurs
 Incapacitated crewmember
 Interactions become strained
Maintaining adaptability/flexibility?
 Anticipate problems
 Recognize and acknowledge changes
 Determine appropriate response
 Offer alternative solutions
 Provide and ask for assistance
 Interact constructively with others
Encouraging adaptability/flexibility?
 Establish open, positive, and
professional atmosphere
Ensure crew understands mission
Situational Awareness
What is Situational Awareness?
The degree of accuracy by
which one’s perception of
the current environment
mirrors reality
“The Crystal Ball”
Three steps of Situational Awareness
1. Perception
2. Comprehension
3. Projection
An example using the 3 steps of SA
Perception:
We need to get updated
weather for our destination.
Comprehension:
The weather for
our destination is below minimums.
Projection:
If the weather is below
minimums for our destination, then we
may need to proceed to our alternate.
Factors which reduce SA
Fatigue
Stress
Lack of communication
Task overload
Task underload
Group mindset
Press On Philosophy
Attitude
Habits
Assumptions
Biases
Distractions
Emergencies
Weather
How to maintain good SA?
Provide information in advance
Identify potential problems
Verbalize a course of action
Detect and discuss deviations
Demonstrate an ongoing awareness
through good communication
CRM Summary
 Decision Making
 Assertiveness
 Mission Analysis
 Communication
 Leadership
 Adaptability / Flexibility
 Situational Awareness
Crew Resource Management
A “Finely Tuned” Crew …
… functions as
“ONE”
Personal Survival Roadmap
 Causes of Aviation Accidents
 Survival Situation Priorities
 Psychology of Survival
 Search and Rescue
 Survival Kits
Causes of Aviation Accidents
 Inadequate preflight preparation / planning









Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed
Failure to maintain directional control
Improper level-off during landing flare
Failure to see and avoid obstructions
Mismanagement of fuel
Improper in-flight decisions or planning
Mis-judgement of distance and speed
Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing
Improper operation of flight controls
Causes of Aviation Accidents
All Others
20%
Human
Factors
80%
When Faced With Survival Situation
Priorities Should Be
 Medical Care
 Shelter and Fire
 Signaling
 Sustenance
 Water
 Food
Psychology of Survival
 Survival is
 5% physical stress
 95% mental stress
Worst enemies
 Boredom
 Loneliness
Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!!
 Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!
Search And Rescue
Statistics: Most downed aircraft are located
within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)
Stay with the aircraft??
 Physical Condition of Survivors
 Food / Water Sources
 Availability of Shelter
 Possibilities of Rescue
Survival Kits
 Required for Pilot to ensure availability
 Certain items required in different areas
 Over Water
 Over Land
 Desert
 Jungle
Survival Kits (Continued)
Necessary Survival Kit Items
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Shelter (Tarp or Tent)
Blankets
Fire Starter
Medical Kit
Signaling Device
Food / Water
Other optional items
Importance of Water
Can survive 28 days without food
Can only survive 2 days without water
Human body needs 64 oz per day
Methods of procurement
Dew
Rain
Filtered Puddles
Melted Snow
Solar Still
Personal Survival
A “Well Prepared” Crew …
THE END
… can survive “any” situation
“together”
Questions?