Transcript Concepts of Information Communication Technology

CONCEPTS OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
सच
ू ना एवं संचार तकनीकी की
अवधारणाऐं
Skelton of Discussion
• Information and other terms closely related
and used- like NEWS- what is NEWS- what is
information- what is knowledge- what is
communication- Relationship between
Information and communication- what is
Technology- IT & ITC- changes brought by ITC.
• Key Terms of ITC
• Information, News,
Knowledge, Communication,
Technology.
What is News?
• News is the communication of information
on current events or any new addition in
our knowledge which is presented
by print, broadcast, internet, or word of
mouth to a third party or mass audience.
• One theory says that news developed as a
special use of the plural form of new in the
14th century.
• So we can say that every information when it
comes to us first time is a news.
• NOW HOW CAN WE DEFINE INFORMATION?
Information?
Information: Etymology
• The word is derived from the Latin verb
"informare" (to inform) in the sense of "to
give form to the mind", "to discipline",
"instruct", "teach“.
• In this sense it is a representation in mind.
As a Reflection in Nervous System
• A sensory input to an organism.
• When an organism with a nervous system
receives an input, it transforms the input into
an electrical signal. This is regarded
information by some.
• जब तंत्रिका तंि वाला कोई जीव एक संकेत
प्राप्त करता है तो वह उसे ववद्यत
ु तरं गों में
बदल दे ता है इसे ही कुछ लोग सच
ू ना कहते हैं
Information as a Representation in
Mind
• The idea of representation is relevant, but not
as a input but as an mental image. For
example abstract painting does not represent
anything concretely, when the viewer sees the
painting, it is nevertheless transformed into
electrical signals that create a representation
of the painting.
Not Related to Truth
• Defined as a representation to brain,
information does not have to be related to
truth, intent of communication, or
representation of an object.
• Entertainment in general is not intended to be
informative. Music, the performing
arts, amusement parks, works of fiction and
so on are thus forms of information in this
sense.
INFORMATION BEYOND A CONSCIOUS
MIND
• Information is any type of pattern that
influences the formation or transformation of
other patterns. In this sense, there is no need
for a conscious mind to perceive, much less
appreciate, the pattern.
• For example, DNA. The sequence of
nucleotides is a pattern that influences the
formation and development of an organism
without any need for a conscious mind.
Information as Records
• Records are a specialized form of information.
Records are information produced consciously
or as by-products of business activities or
transactions and retained because of their
value.
Knowledge?
• At this point we will also understand another
Term, that is knowledge.
• What is knowledge?
KNOWLEDGE MEANS
• Transformation of Information:
 reviewing information in order to effectively
derive value and meaning
 referencing experiences/metadata if any is
available
 establishing a relevant context, often selecting
from many possible contexts
 deriving new knowledge from the information
 making decisions or recommendations from the
resulting knowledge.
Communication
• What is Communication?
Communication
• Communication is a process whereby
information is enclosed in a package and is
channelled and imparted by a sender to a
receiver via some medium. The receiver then
decodes the message and gives the sender a
feedback.
All forms of communication require
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
a sender, (प्रेषक)
a message, (संदेश)
a medium (माध्यम)
an intended recipient, (ग्रहीता)
Feedback (अनक्रु ियात्मक सामग्री या
पष्ृ टपोषण)
However the receiver need not be present or
aware of the sender's intent to communicate
at the time of communication in order for the
act of communication to occur.
Principles of Communication
•
•
•
•
Principle of readiness and motivation
Principle of competency and worth
Principle of sharing and interaction
Principle ofsuitability of the communication
contests
• Principle of appropriateness of the
communication media or channel
• Principle of appropriate feedback
• Principle of facilitators and barriers of
communication
Cultural and Lingual Commonality
• Communication requires that all parties have
an area of communicative commonality. There
are
i. auditory means, such as speech, song, and
tone of voice, and there are
ii. nonverbal means, such as body
language, sign language, touch, eye contact,
through media, i.e., pictures, graphics and
sound, and writing.
Information and Communication
• What is the relation between Information and
Communication?
Information is useless if it is not
communicated.
For Communication of Information, we consider
many elements
1. purpose of communication
2. meaning of a message
3. logic and grammar of message
4. communication channels
Technology
• What do we mean by Technology?
Etymology
• The word technology comes from the Greek
technología — téchnē, an 'art', 'skill' or 'craft'
and -logía, the study of something, or the
branch of knowledge of a discipline.
Variations of Definition
• Definition of technology as applied science is
especially prominent among scientists and
engineers.
• Most social scientists who study technology
reject this definition. Technology is the usage and
knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or
methods of organization.
• Technology includes all tools, machines, utensils,
weapons, instruments, housing, clothing,
communicating and transporting devices and the
skills by which we produce and use them.
Information Technology (IT)
• Information Technology and Information and
Communication Technology are often used synonyms.
• But there is a slight difference.
• Information technology (IT) is "the study, design,
development, implementation, support or
management of computer-based information systems,
particularly software applications and computer
hardware“.
• IT deals with the use of electronic computers and
computer software to securely convert, store, protect,
process, transmit, input, output, retrieve information.
ICT
• ICT is a more general term that stresses the role
of communications (telephone lines and wireless
signals) in modern information technology.
• ICT consists of all technical means used to handle
information and aid communication, including
both computer and network hardware as well as
necessary software.
• In other words, ICT consists of IT as well as
telephony, broadcast media, and all types of
audio and video processing and transmission.
• Now we will see in brief what ICT has done to
our matchbox communication.
Match Box Communication is a Human
Communication
@#$%!
@#^&!
1.Communicator, 2.Medium, 3. Message and4. Receiver
Match Box Communication is a Human
Communication
1.Communicator 2.Medium 3. Message 4. Receiver
Human Communication
Non-Human Communicator
@#$%!
@#^&!
It is not just a transmitting device. It can response to
the feedback and queries after analysing and
processing the data.
A Non Human Communicator
Receiver Too!
For computers we have developed languages
and rules for communication between them.
These languages and rules are called
protocols. The most well known protocols are
TCP/IP, used in the Internet.
Whither the Matchbox
What ITC has done to the Massage?
• All the Text, sounds and graphics are
converted to the binary codes.
ASCII Coding
Binary
Dec
Abbr
[t 2]
Description
000 0000
0
NUL
^@
Null character
000 0001
1
SOH
^A
Start of Header
000 0010
2
STX
^B
Start of Text
000 0011
3
ETX
^C
End of Text
000 0100
4
EOT
^D
End of Transmission
PATNA WOMEN’S COLLEGE
• 01010000 01000001 01010100 01001110
01000001 00100000 01010111 01001111
01001101 01000101 01001110 00100111
01010011 00100000 01000011 01001111
01001100 01001100 01000101 01000111
01000101
Conclusion
• Information and communication technology
(ICT) has become, within a very short time,
one of the basic building blocks of modern
society.
• Many countries now regard understanding ICT
and mastering the basic skills and concepts of
ICT as part of the core of education, alongside
reading, writing and numeracy.
Self Work Suggestion
• What do we mean by Information and
Communication Technology? Write a brief
article.
• Write a short note on the process of
communication.
Suggested Readings
• For Communication:
• Educational Technology: Mangal and Mangal
Pp. -320-335(in Hindi)
Pp.-306-323 (in English)
• J.C. Agrawal (Vikas Publication)
Next class
• Factors affecting Classroom communication