Transcript Slide 1

Nonverbal sound patterns,
Paralanguage
Yang Xiaoqing
[email protected]
Alternative Communication & Access to Information
Dept. of Computer and Information Sciences
University of Tampere
05.03.2003
Introduction
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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
[ http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.html ]
includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact,
spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement,
cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts.
PARALANGUAGE
[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]
Features that accompany speech and contribute to
communication but are not considered part of the language
system.
The nonverbal voice qualities, modifiers, and sounds which we
use consciously or unconsciously supporting or contradicting the
linguistic, kinesic, or proxemic messages either simultaneously
or alternating with them.
How something is said rather than what is said
Vocal Cues
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[ ** ]
* http://home.pages.at/amigo/bauernregeln.htm
** http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer/intro.html
General Information
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Paralanguage is part of nonverbal communication.
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Paralinguistics are what accompany your words to make
up its true meaning.
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According to Rozelle, Druckman and Baxter (1997), an
important factor in studying nonverbal behavior is the
difference between the encoder and decoder. The encoder
produces and relays the behaviors to be inferred. The
decoder accepts these behaviors and interprets them
based on his individual approach.
demo 1
[ http://www.uta.edu/english/V/digital/toni.html ]
Why do we study nonverbal
communication?
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Nonverbal messages communicate emotions
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Nonverbal communication is strongly related
to verbal communication
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Without nonverbal communication you
cannot not communicate
[ http://www.soapboxorations.com/donnellking/nvcom.htm ]
Major Prospects in the Study
of Nonverbal Communication
The non-verbal communication can be categorized into three
major dimensions; namely positiveness, potency an
responsiveness [as cited in Hargie, 1997]
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Positiveness refers to the assessment of other people or
objects that are described in terms of liking. revealed through,
for example, eye contact, forward lean, and distance.
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Potency represents status or social control and is revealed
through hand and neck relaxation, sideways lean, reclining
angle and arm-leg position asymmetry.
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Responsiveness is a combination of activity and state of
alertness [Merahbian, 1981].
Problems of studying
nonverbal communication
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Nonverbal cues can be ambiguous
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Nonverbal cues are continuous
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Nonverbal cues are multichannel
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Nonverbal cues are culture-bound
Principles of Paralanguage
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Paralanguage refers to the vocal aspect of communication.
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Vocal elements of language differ from verbal elements in
this way: vocal elements involve sound and its manipulation
for certain desired or undesired effects.
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Verbal elements are the particular words we choose when
speaking.
[http://cyber.bentley.edu/faculty/wb/presentations/paralanguage/note001.htm ]
Ingredients of Paralanguage(1)
Voice Qualities:
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pitch range
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vocal lip control
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articulation control
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rhythm control
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resonance
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tempo
Ingredients of Paralanguage(2)
Vocal Characteristics:
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laughing, crying, whispering, snoring, yelling, moaning,
groaning, yawning, whining, sucking, sneezing, sighing,
belches, hiccups
Remember that these characteristics are the vocal aspects of
these actions, so imagine that these pictures are making noises.
[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]
Ingredients of Paralanguage(3)
Voice Qualifiers:
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intensity (overloud, oversoft)
pitch height
extent
Vocal Segregates: (examples: )
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demo 2
"uh"
"um"
"uh-huh"
silent pauses
demo 3
demo 4
[ http://www.esl-lab.com/para.htm ]
demo 5
demo 6
demo 7
demo 8
demo 9
demo 10
demo11
Messages in the Voice (1):
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Phrases have different messages depending on what
parts we emphasize. For instance, take the sentence,
She's giving this money to me.
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SHE is the one giving the money, nobody else.
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She is GIVING, not lending.
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MONEY is being exchanged, not anything else.
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I am getting the money, nobody else.
[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]
Messages in the Voice (2):
The voice is used to infer personality traits.
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An increased rate of speaking generally infers that the
individual is more animated and extroverted.
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A flatness in the tone of voice generally indicates more
withdrawn and masculine characteristics.
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A nasal sound in one's voice is generally thought of to be
undesirable.
[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]
Messages in the Voice (3):
The voice is also used to infer emotional states.
Feeling
Loudness
Pitch
Timbre
Rate
Enunciation
Anger
Loud
High
Blaring
Fast
clipped
Joy
Loud
High
Moderately
Blaring
Fast
Somewhat
Clipped
Sadness
Soft
Low
Resonant
Slow
Slurred
[ http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Speech/rccs/theory44.htm ]
Conclusion
Usage of Nonverbal Cues
 reduce ambiguity
 validate emotions
 as a basis for decision-making and information processing.
Nonverbal communication is gaining an importance in the
study of human behavior and interactions.
Its applications on how individuals perceive others and vice
versa are recognized and validated.
The use of nonverbal communication in advertising is a
powerful and efficient tool for delivering provocative
messages in a tasteful and palatable fashion.
[ see too https://webspace.utexas.edu/QUAHS/WWW/conclusion.html ]
References
1.
Eisenberg, A.M., & Smith, Jr., R.R. (1971). Nonverbal communication. New York: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.
2.
Ekman, P. (1980). Three classes of nonverbal behavior. In Von Raffler-Engel, W.
(Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.89-102). Bath: The Pittman Press.
3.
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Anchor
Books.
4.
Major, B. (1981). Gender patterns in touching behavior. In C. Mayo & N. Henley
(Eds.), Gender and Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
5.
Merahbian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
6.
Messaris, P. (1997). Visual persuasion: The roles of images in advertising. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
7.
Rozelle, R. M. Druckman, D. & Baxter, J.C., (1997). Non-verbal behavior as
communication. In O. D. W. Hargie (Ed.), The Handbook Of Communication Skills (pp.
67-102). Great Britian: TJ Press (Padstow) Ltd.
8.
St. Clair, R.N. (1980). Social distance: expressions of power, solidarity and status. In
Von Raffler-Engel, W. (Ed.), Aspects of Nonverbal Communication (pp.81-88). Bath:
The Pittman Press.
9.
M.W. Knudsen1, J.-C. Martin, L.D., et al., ISLE Natural Interactivity and Multimodality,
Report WG Deliverable D8.1, 2002, available at:
http://isle.nis.sdu.dk/reports/wp8/D8.1-3.3.2002-F.pdf