Transcript Fundamentals of Communication Sciences and

Chapter 1:
Fundamentals of
Communication Sciences
and Disorders
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.1
Focus Questions
This chapter is designed to answer the
following questions:
• What is communication?
• How does communication relate to
language, speech, and hearing?
• What is a communication disorder?
• What careers are available in
communication science and disorders?
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.2
Introduction
• Importance of communication
• Communication as the “heart of life’s
experience”
• Communication disorders are relatively
common (approx. 1 out of every 6 persons
are affected)
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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1.3
Chapter Objectives
• Define communication
• Provide an overview of different types of
communication disorders
• Identify professionals in the field of
communication science and disorders
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.4
Case Study #1: Anika Roster
• Born to single parent – premature and low
birth weight, result of lack of prenatal care
and smoking during pregnancy
• Diagnosed as severely undernourished,
placed on a nasogastric tube supplemented
with breast feeding
• Now 4 weeks old – gaining weight, but no
interest in breast feeding or any oral activity
• Speech-language pathologist called in to
consult on ways to promote oral interest and
intake
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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1.5
Case Study #1 Questions:
• What are some strategies that the speechlanguage pathologist might use to promote
Anika’s interest in oral exploration?
• What types of support should be provided
to Ms. Roster to help her cope with the
challenges of giving birth to a medicallyfragile infant?
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.6
Case Study #2: Jan Shen
• 62-year old Chinese-American
• Hearing has steadily decreased – can’t
take part in most conversations, and
recently was in a car accident most likely
because of his hearing
• Evaluation showed severe hearing loss
due to ongoing exposure to noise,
recommended hearing aid, support group,
and rehabilitation therapy
• Mr. Shen is depressed and doesn’t think
he needs any of the recommendations
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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1.7
Case Study #2 Questions:
• Why did Mr. Shen not seek help for his
deteriorating hearing prior to his wife’s
urging after car accident?
• What are some possible reasons for Mr.
Shen refusing to return to the audiologist
and follow the prescribed course of
action?
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.8
Case Study #3: Anna Parish
• 52-year old fundraising coordinator for church
• Suffered stroke that left her paralyzed on right
side and speech impairment – apraxia (unable
to produce speech, but can understand
everything said to her)
• Received therapy, but her insurance won’t
cover it anymore because of lack of progress
• Won’t take on former fundraising
responsibilities because of frustration without
speech
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.9
Case Study #3 Questions:
• What are some possible supports that
could be put in place for helping Mrs.
Parish take greater responsibilities at
work?
• What are some barriers that may be
helping to keep Mrs. Parish from taking
these responsibilities at work?
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.10
What is Communication?
Definition:
• “process of sharing information between
two or more persons”
• “transmission of thoughts or feelings from
the mind of a speaker to the mind of a
listener” – Borden, Harris, & Raphael, 1994, p. 174
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.11
What is Communication? (cont’d)
Three Purposes:
Request
Reject
Comment
Two Players:
Sender
Receiver
Four Processes:
Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.12
Modalities of Communication
• Human communication is unique because
of the use of language and speech
Common Modalities:
• Speech
• Sign language
• Reading/writing
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.13
Feedback
Information provided by the receiver to the
sender
• Linguistic feedback
• Extralinguistic feedback
• Paralinguistic feedback
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.14
Communication Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Instrumental – to ask for something
Regulatory – to direct others
Interactional – for social interactions
Personal – to express feelings
Heuristic – to ask for information
Imaginative – to tell stories and role play
Informative – to provide descriptions of
events or objects
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.15
Effective Communication
Four Principles for Effective Communicators:
1. Quantity – provides the right amount and
type of information
2. Quality – shares information that is
accurate
3. Relevance – maintains the topic
4. Manner – speaks fluently
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.16
Language, Speech, & Hearing
I. Language
As defined by Nelson (1998):
“socially shared code that uses a
conventional system of arbitrary symbols
to represent ideas about the world that are
meaningful to others who know the same
code”
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.17
Features of Language
•
•
•
•
•
Universality
Species-specificity
Semanticity
Productivity
Rate of acquisition
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.18
Three-Domain System of
Language
• Content – meaning of language
• Form – the organization and arrangement
of words, sentences, and sounds
• Use – the function of language for
personal and social needs
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.19
Five-Domain System of
Language
• Semantics – meaning of words and word
combinations
• Syntax – organization of sentences
• Morphology – organization of words
• Phonology – organization of sounds
(phonemes)
• Pragmatics – language use for social
purposes
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.20
Metalinguistic Awareness
“ability to deliberately scrutinize language as
an object of attention”
•
•
•
•
•
Semantic
Syntactic
Morphological
Phonological
Pragmatic
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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1.21
II. Speech
• Neuromuscular process that allows
humans to express language
• Involves three systems:
-respiration
-phonation
-articulation
• Most common form of language
expression because of advantages over
other modalities
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.22
Model of Speech Production
•
•
•
•
Perceptual target
Motor schema
Speech output
Feedback
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Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.23
Normal Speech
Four essential building blocks:
1. Breathstream – consistent and even
2. Voice – appropriate intensity and pitch
3. Articulation – precision in phoneme
production
4. Fluency – effortless and smooth speech
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.24
III. Hearing
• The perception of sound (in the
communication process, the perception of
speech)
• Steps of sound processing:
-creation of sound source
-vibration of air particles
-reception by ear
-comprehension by brain
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.25
Communication Disorders
• Present when a person is either unable to or has
significant difficulties in one or more of the four
processes (formulation, transmission, reception,
and comprehension)
• Formulation or comprehension problems 
language impairment
• Transmission problems  speech impairment
• Reception problems  hearing impairment
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.26
Communication Disorders vs.
Communication Differences
• When considering a person’s
communicative abilities, we must be
knowledgeable about their language,
dialect, and cultural background
• A “difference” is when an “individual’s
communication patterns differ substantially
from that of the person or persons with
whom he/she is communicating”
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.27
A. Disorders of Language
• Breakdown in one or more of the domains
of semantics, syntax, morphology,
phonology, and pragmatics
• Child language disorders
-ex. Specific language impairment (SLI)
• Adult language disorders
-ex. Aphasia
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.28
B. Disorders of Speech
• Breakdown in one or more of the systems
of respiration, phonation, and articulation
• Articulation and phonology disorders
-distortions, substitutions, and
omissions of speech sounds
• Fluency disorders
• Voice disorders
-aphonia and dysphonia
• Motor speech disorders
-apraxia and dysarthria
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.29
C. Disorders of Hearing
• Breakdown in the reception or
transmission of sound
• Sensorineural hearing impairment
-inner ear or auditory nerve
• Conductive hearing impairment
-outer or middle ear
• Auditory processing disorder
-auditory center in the brain
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.30
D. Disorders of Feeding and
Swallowing
• Pediatric disorders of feeding and
swallowing
– Cleft palate
– Cerebral palsy
– Disordered interactions with feeding partners
• Adult dysphagia
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
1.31
Career Options
• Speech-language pathology
• Audiology
• Allied Professions
-special education
-neurologist
-occupational therapist
-otorhinolaryngologist
-pediatrician
-psychologist
Justice
Communication Sciences and Disorders: An Introduction
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.