Transcript Assessment

1
Objectives
• To identify and analyze
leadership styles.
• To explore characteristics
of a leader.
• To examine verbal and nonverbal
communication strategies.
• To understand the purpose of
groups and leadership’s role within
them.
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Main Menu
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•
•
•
Introduction to Leadership Styles
Traits of a Leader
Communication in Leadership
Leadership in Groups
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Leadership
• Is the ability to influence others
• Inspires and motivates others to be
productive
• Often has the aim of getting
everyone in a group to work
toward a common goal
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Leadership Styles
• Are the ways in which people utilize
their leadership position
• Can be used independently from
one another or together
• Are dependent on:
– the personality of the leader
– the personality of group members
– the task to be accomplished
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Kurt Lewin
• Was a psychologist who studied
leadership styles
• Is considered a pioneer of social,
organizational and applied
psychology
• Conducted a research project in
1939 to identify different styles of
leadership and their effectiveness
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Lewin’s Project
• Assigned three groups of children
to three different adults
– each group of children completed an
arts and crafts project
– each of the adults used a different
style of leadership
– each group experienced
different results based
on the style of
leadership used
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Lewin’s Leadership Styles
• Consist of the following:
– authoritarian
– participative
– laissez faire
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Authoritarian Leadership
• Requires full authority and control
over the group
• Makes all decisions and uses little
or no input from others
• Relies heavily on the use of
policies, procedures and
regulations
• Is most effective for complex
projects or when employees have
low levels of training and skill
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Authoritarian Leadership
• Advantages include:
– highly productive when
leader is present
– allows for quick decision-making
• Disadvantages include:
– one-way communication can cause
frustration or resentment among
employees
– employees can become dependent
on the leader and loose their
sense of initiative
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Participative Leadership
• Is also known as
democratic leadership
• Encourages group participation
• Allows group members to feel
involved in the process
• Remains in control of the
final decision
• Has been found to be the most
effective form of leadership
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Participative Leadership
• Advantages include:
– creates a positive work environment
– allows for creative thinking
– reduces office tension and hostility
– motivates employees to find the
best solutions
• Disadvantages include:
– decision-making can take a long time
– group pressures sometimes result in
groupthink
 when a group’s judgment is affected by its
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members’ need to agree
Laissez Faire Leadership
• Involves the leader offering little to no
guidance and entrusting group
members to make decisions
– comes from the French term referring to
deliberate avoidance of interference
• Is also known as delegative leadership
• Requires group members to:
– be aware of tasks needing
to be completed
– act on their own to
accomplish tasks
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Laissez Faire Leadership
• Advantages include:
– group members have flexibility they
need to be most successful
– encourages critical thinking
and self-motivation
• Disadvantages include:
– poorly defines roles within the group
– can be unproductive if group
members are not self-motivated
and knowledgeable
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Lewin’s Results
• Found the authoritarian group:
– was less creative than the other
groups
– was highly productive with the
leader’s positive efforts
– became less productive in the
leader’s absence
– developed discontent when the leader
overexerted dominance
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Lewin’s Results
• Found the participative group:
– was less productive than the
authoritarian group
– produced high-quality contributions
from group members
– members gained satisfaction from
making their own decisions
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Lewin’s Results
• Found the laissez faire group:
– was the least productive
– demanded the most of the leader
– produced little cooperation or unity
among group members
– members had little sense of
accomplishment
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Abdicratic Leadership
• Is a form of leadership not
studied by Lewin
• Occurs in group settings
when no one is a leader
– though there is no defined leader,
someone is “in charge” or still
responsible for the group’s actions
• Requires group members complete
tasks on their own
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Abdicratic Leadership
• Advantages include:
– can help identify problems and
problem workers in the short term
– allows new leaders to emerge
– allows the person in charge to focus
on administrative tasks
• Disadvantages include:
– can result in confusion and
a lack of organization
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Assessment
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Assessment
1. Leadership inspires and motivates others to
be which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Happy
Kind
Productive
Self-sufficient
2. Leadership styles are NOT dependent on
which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The personalities of group members
The task to be accomplished
The personality of the leader
The technology available
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Assessment
3. Who was the psychologist who conducted a
research project in 1939 to identify different
styles of leadership and their effectiveness?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lewis Kurkin
Lloyd Kirk
Kurt Lewin
Kolin Lewis
4. Which type of leadership relies heavily on the
use of policies, procedures and regulations?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authoritarian
Participative
Democratic
Laissez Faire
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Assessment
5. Which type of leadership is also known as
delegative leadership?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authoritarian
Participative
Democratic
Laissez Faire
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Personality Traits
• Of a leader help determine which
leadership style will be used
• Of leaders have been studied
extensively and commonly include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
fairness
vision
integrity
dedication
humility
openness
–
–
–
–
creativity
assertiveness
confidence
ability to generate
trust and respect
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Fairness
• Involves treating all others equally
and impartially
– no one is shown favoritism or
discriminated against
• Requires listening to all the facts
before making a decision or
passing judgment
• Helps to prevent:
– jumping to conclusions
– making mistakes based on
misinformation
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Vision
• Is the ability to see the big picture or
the object of the task
• Requires the leader to know what the
end result should be
– allows the leader to effectively
plan and delegate
– lets the leader measure success based on
how the outcome compares to the vision
• Should be shared with group members
– creates common goals
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Integrity
• Requires a leader be consistent
concerning values, ethics and actions
– honest and fair in all dealings
– does not hide information from others
– upholds moral principles
• Shows group members the leader
can be respected and trusted
– lack of integrity can alienate others and
negatively affect morale
• In a leader sets an example for
others to follow
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Dedication
• Involves the leader spending as much
time and effort on a project as needed
– may include long hours and hard work
• Requires the leader to be one of the
hardest workers in the group
• Shows the leader is enthusiastic and
committed to completing the project
– inspires others to work hard to
achieve success
– emphasizes the importance of the project
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Humility
• Is the ability to give group members
credit for group accomplishments
– also includes taking the blame or
responsibility if mistakes are made
by the group
• Requires the leader
recognize the work
of others
• Involves graciously accepting both
compliments and critiques
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Openness
• Is the ability to listen to and consider
others’ ideas and opinions
• Requires recognition of different,
and possibly better, ways of thinking
or approaching a situation
– can result in expanded perspectives
• Can help build trust and
communication between the
leader and group members
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Creativity
• Involves being imaginative and
thinking outside of the box
• May require going against tradition
or the norm
• Allows leaders to see things
others cannot
– can result in movement
in new directions
– can lead to new
inventions and innovations
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Assertiveness
• Is the ability to clearly state
expectations and enforce
consequences
• Aids in avoiding miscommunication
• Allows the leader to keep everyone
on task and moving in the proper
direction
• Should not be confused with
rudeness or aggression
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Confidence
• Requires the leader know or feel
he or she has the power and
ability to succeed
• Is perhaps the most
important characteristic
• Is required from leaders regarding
both themselves and their goals
– if a leader is not confident, others could find
it difficult to follow due to feeling their task
may not be a success
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Ability to Gain Trust & Respect
• Is a trait leaders must earn over
time through a positive reputation
and accomplishments
– leaders with other traits are likely to
earn trust and respect more quickly
• Will also earn leaders commitment
and loyalty from group members
– this improves productivity and morale
from group members
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Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which trait of a leader helps prevent jumping to
conclusions and making mistakes based on
misinformation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Creativity
Fairness
Confidence
Dedication
2. Nathan is not consistent concerning values,
ethics and actions. He can alienate others and
negatively affects morale. Which of the
following traits does he lack?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Vision
Assertiveness
Humility
Integrity
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Assessment
3. Which of the following is the ability to give
group members credit for group
accomplishments and take the blame if
mistakes are made by the group?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fairness
Humility
Creativity
Confidence
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Assessment
4. Which of the following accurately describes
assertiveness?
A. The ability to listen to and consider others’
ideas and opinions
B. The practice of applying force or pressure
C. The ability to clearly state expectations and
enforce consequences
D. The practice of using repetition and closely
monitoring all actions
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Assessment
5. Which of the following will earn leaders
commitment and loyalty from group members?
A. The ability to be understanding and kind
B. The ability to give appreciation and
compensation
C. The ability to gain trust and respect
D. The ability to complete a large amount of
work
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Communication
• Plays an important role in leadership
• Allows a leader to interact with
others, including:
– share goals and objectives
– exchange ideas
– give and receive feedback
• Involves:
– verbal communication
– nonverbal communication
– listening
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Verbal Communication
• Refers to the use of words and
sounds in communication
• Is the form people are most
familiar with
• Is especially important in leadership
as it is the primary method used to
address others
– public speaking
– one-on-one conversations
– group meetings
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Verbal Communication
• Is most effective when the leader is:
– clear
 leaders run the risk of having to take time
to explain the information again if not clear
– concise
 too much information may result in group
members becoming confused, misinformed
or overwhelmed
– confident
 leaders with shaky voices who repeatedly
correct themselves may have a hard time
inspiring others to work hard
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Nonverbal Communication
• Often occurs in tandem with verbal
communication
• Allows for the expression of thoughts
and feelings without using words
• Includes:
– eye contact
– body language
– facial expression
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Eye Contact
• Should be maintained whenever
speaking to someone
– when addressing a group, make eye
contact with various members to
make everyone feel included
• Portrays speakers’ confidence in
themselves and their messages
• Aids in keeping listeners engaged
and focused on what is being said
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Body Language
• Can either support or contradict the
speaker’s verbal message
• Includes:
– posture
 good posture displays
confidence and leadership
 bad posture shows a lack of confidence
and control
– hand gestures
 when used correctly can be effective in
illustrating points
 too many can distract listeners
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Facial Expression
• Can aid others in identifying the
emotions a speaker is feeling
– a smile can signal happiness or approval
while a frown typically indicates
unhappiness or disapproval
• Can be as encouraging or discouraging
as compliments or criticisms
• Of listeners can indicate to
a speaker the message is
understood or needs to
be clarified
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Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which type of communication is especially
important in leadership as it is the primary
method used to address others?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Verbal communication
Written communication
Nonverbal communication
Digital communication
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Assessment
2. To prevent too much information resulting in
group members becoming confused,
misinformed or overwhelmed, verbal
communication should be which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Clear
Coherent
Confident
Concise
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Assessment
3. Which of the following is true of nonverbal
communication?
A. It includes e-mail and texting
B. It is most effective when it occurs without
verbal communication
C. It allows for expression of thoughts without
using words
D. It is not an effective type of communication
4. Which of the following portrays speakers’
confidence and aids in keeping listeners
engaged and focused on what is being said?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Compliments
Facial expression
Specific instructions
Eye contact
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Assessment
5. Posture and hand gestures are included in
which type of communication?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Facial expression
Body language
Verbal communication
Digital communication
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Groups
• Allow for and encourage different
ideas to be discussed by members
– results in expanded perspectives,
new ideas, building on concepts and
many other benefits
• Can allow large tasks to be broken
into smaller parts
– results in the task becoming more
manageable and allows for it to be
completed in a more timely manner
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Groups
• Utilize people’s different strengths
– results in the group producing better
work than one could alone
• Motivate people to succeed
through peer pressure
– results in group members being
responsible and accountable
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Types of Groups
• Include:
– formal groups
– informal groups
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Formal Groups
• Are formed with the purpose of
achieving organizational goals
• Include:
– command groups
– task groups
– affinity groups
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Command Groups
• May exist for a long period of time
• Are often included in an
organization chart
• Consist of a supervisor and a
number of subordinates
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Task Groups
• Exist for a relatively short
period of time
• Are established to accomplish
a specific project
• Could possibly include members
who have not worked together
before
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Affinity Groups
• Are collections of
employees which share
responsibility and duties
• May consist of members
from the same level in
the organization
• Usually exist longer than
task groups
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Informal Groups
• Are developed naturally based on
shared interests and values of
group members
• May take the form of:
– friendship groups
– interest groups
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Friendship Groups
• Are formed based on relationships
among members who enjoy being
together
• Are relatively permanent
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Interest Groups
• Are established based on a
common activity or interest of the
members
• Are relatively temporary
– however, sometimes friendship
groups are developed through
interest groups
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Group Dynamics
• Is the study of how an organization’s
members work together and
achieve a common goal
• Includes the use of the following
four-stage model:
– forming
– storming
– norming
– performing
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Group Dynamics
Forming
• the group initially comes together and
members start to build relationships
Storming
• members begin to voice individual
differences and conflicts emerge over
leadership, structure, power, and authority
Norming
• members begin to share common
commitment and goals, and efforts are
made to establish norms and rules for
improving productivity and quality of work
Performing
• the group norms and rules are followed
and the group becomes effective and
efficient in meeting its objects
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Group Work Process
• Includes the following six steps:
– goal formation: determine and clarify what
needs to be achieved
– research: perform research and analysis
on the project
– planning: develop a detailed plan of action
– implementation: put the plan into
operation
– evaluation: examine the work performance
using self evaluation, peer evaluation and
group evaluation
– modification: revise the goals according to
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the group performance
Group Leadership
• Involves one person directing the
group work process and dealing with
group dynamics
• Can be difficult with different
personality types in one group
– good leaders are able to identify these
different personalities and use them to
the group’s advantage
• Utilizes leadership styles
– in conjunction with one another or
separately depending on the situation
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Group Leadership
• Involves the following:
– ensuring everyone is working toward
the same goal by clearly stating the
goals and objectives
– prioritizing what is important and must
be accomplished
– identifying the strengths and
weaknesses of group
members
– delegating tasks to members
according to their strengths
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Analyzing Group Effectiveness
• Can occur during a task or after it is
completed
– productivity levels can be measured as
the task is being completed
– when the task is over, compare the
result to the vision
• Is important to let the leader know
where strengths and weaknesses are
• Provides the leader knowledge of
what improvements can be made
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Evaluation of Group Work
• Is essential for:
– reviewing the team’s performance
– improving the team’s productivity
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Peer Evaluation
• Is one of the most effective ways to
evaluate the quality of an
individual’s work
• Allows team members assess each
other’s work performance
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Peer Evaluation
• Rules and format should be
announced before beginning
• Should include feedback for
improvement
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Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which of the following is NOT a type of formal
group as discussed in the segment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Affinity group
Command group
Interest group
Task group
2. Collections of employees which share
responsibility and duties are known as which
of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Affinity groups
Task groups
Informal groups
Interest groups
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Assessment
3. Which of the following is the term for the study
of how an organization’s members work
together to achieve a common goal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Group interest
Group discovery
Group process
Group dynamics
4. How many steps are included in the group
work process?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Four
Five
Six
Seven
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Assessment
5. According to the segment, which of the
following is true of peer evaluation?
A. It is not an effective way to evaluate the
quality of an individual’s work
B. It should not include rules or format
requirements
C. It creates conflict and division among team
members
D. It should include feedback for improvement
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Assessment
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Assessment
1. Which of the following is NOT a leadership style
identified by Kurt Lewin?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire
2. Which personality trait was discussed as being
perhaps the most important trait for a leader?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Vision
Fairness
Integrity
Confidence
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Assessment
3. Amber has to give a presentation to her class
tomorrow. Since she will be using verbal
communication to explain her project, it is
important for her speech to be all the following
except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Clear
Coherent
Confident
Concise
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Assessment
4. Analyzing group effectiveness allows the
leader to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Identify strengths
Measure productivity levels
Compare the results to the vision
All of the above
5. Which of the following is NOT a form of
nonverbal communication?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Eye contact
Texting
Facial expression
Body language
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Assessment
6. Which group of children did Lewin find to be
least creative?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire
7. The purpose of groups is to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Break large tasks into smaller parts
Allow different ideas to be discussed
Expand group members’ perspectives
All of the above
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Assessment
8. Blake recently started a new job. His boss,
Hailey, tells him the tasks which need to be
done but gives him no instructions on how to
do them. Blake has to get these jobs done
before he can go home and must figure out
how to do them on his own. Which style of
leadership is Hailey practicing?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Authoritarian
Participative
Abdicratic
Laissez faire
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Assessment
9. Which of the following is NOT one of the
purposes of groups?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Motivate the group to work harder
Take advantage of people’s different strengths
Shift workload to other people in the group
Break the task into manageable parts
10. Which of the following group types is
established by the organization to accomplish a
specific project?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Task group
Interest group
Command group
Affinity group
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