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Chapter 12 Warm-up • What do you remember about Kievan Russia under Mongol Rule? • Video Clip China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ Han dynasties collapsed in 220 ▫ After the fall social and political disruption in China ▫ Invaders came into China set up kingdoms and adopted Chinese customs ▫ 500’s one group reunited China (Sui) ▫ Sui power in 589 ▫ Started Construction on the Grand Canal China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ Rulers of the Sui tried to do so much at once, tried to conquer southern Manchuria and northern Korea. ( failed) ▫ 618 Turks defeated them. ▫ Uprising in 618 ended the Sui dynasty ▫ Tang dynasty became the next dynasty China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ Tang defeated the Turks ▫ Extended China’s frontiers farther west than ever ▫ Made contact with India and the Muslim Empire to the south and west. ▫ In the East Chinese ideas influenced the people of Korea and Japan ▫ 700’s-800’s 2 million people lived in the capital Xi’an ▫ Center for culture, trade and government ▫ Many Arabs, Persians, Jews, Greeks and native Chinese lived there China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ Tang dynasty ruled until 907 ▫ Tang literature / poets were Li Bo and Du Fu ▫ Li Bo was a Daoist, poems described life’s delights in light, happy and elegant terms, Loved life ▫ Du Fu wrote about serious subjects/ Confucius teachings, tragedy and suffering of human life China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ Religion: Missionaries from India brought Buddhism to China ▫ Buddhism reached its peak under the rule of Empress Wu ▫ Ruled from 690-705 ▫ Only women to hold the Chinese throne in her own name ▫ Different sects of Buddhism appeared. ▫ Zen- Buddhism stressed meditation as means of enlighten ▫ Tang dynasty officials saw a growing wealth of monasteries China under the Dynasties • Sui & Tang Dynasties: ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Tang persecuted many Buddhists Tang rulers brought back Confucianism Focused on ethics Neo-Confucianism (new Confucianism ) Remained main religion of China’s ruling class until the early 1900’s ▫ Decline: weak emperors, by the 900 nomads had invaded China China under the Dynasties • Sung Dynasty ▫ Zhao Kuangyin established the Sung dynasty in 960 ▫ Many invaders from the North began to invade and the Sung dynasty was at war with them ▫ Made an agreement with the Mongols so they wouldn’t invade in 1042 they were paying 200,000 ounces of silver to the Qidan ( Mongols) ▫ Group called the Juchen established the Jin dynasty in the North China under the Dynasties • Sung Dynasty ▫ Wealthy class in the Sung dynasty ▫ Women began foot binging among the wealthy class ▫ This custom was to show that a man was successful, and his wife didn’t have to do housework because he could afford servants ▫ Feminine beauty. Mongol Empire • Mongols lived in the northern rugged steppe region called Mongolia • Mongol army had about 100,000 cavalry • Special saddles and iron stirrups • Described them as hunters • Used powerful weapons, catapults and crossbows • Fiercest Mongol leader of all time Genghis Khan “ Universal Ruler • Lived from 1162-1227 Mongol Empire • Early 1200’s conquered Khanbalik (Beijing today) westweard central Asia and most of Persia • Led by Kublai Khan grandson of Genghis Khan • He captured the rest of China and Tibet and part of Southeast Aisa • Couldn’t capture Japan • Another grandson Batu invaded Europe in 1240 Russia, Poland and Hungary to Vienna • Europeans called them the Golden Horde. ( gold color from their tents) • Controlled Russia for 200 years Mongol Rule • Mongol Empire divided into four parts united until 1300’s • 1260 Kublai Khan was given title of Great Khan • Adopted many Chinese ways relied on Chinese official's in the lower and middle ranks of government. • Kublai announces the start of his dynasty called the Yuan • 1279 defeated the Sung dynasty in southern China Mongol Rule • Kublai Khan extended the length of the Grand Canal • Made routes linking China with India and Persia • Heavy taxes • King Louis IX and the pope in Rome sent ambassadors to China • During Kublai Khan Marco Polo travel to China/ Khan employed him as his special representative Mongol Rule • • • • • • • • Mongols and Chinese still had tension Spoke different languages Mongols didn’t treat Chinese as equals Mongols didn’t allow marriages between the two different people Kublai Khan died in 1294 Weak emperor followed Huang River flooded , caused a famine, rebellions 1368 Yuan dynasty was overthrown Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Physical Settings ▫ Japan consists of a string of thousands of islands in the Western Pacific Ocean ▫ Most of the population today lives on the four main islands Honshu Hokkaido Kyushu Shikoku Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Physical Settings ▫ Mountainous ▫ Small part can be used for farmland ▫ Sea protected the island from invaders until modern time Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Japan \ ▫ Early history/ migrants from the Asian mainland settled in the Japanese island ▫ Most powerful claims lived on the Island of Honshu ▫ Japanese believed in gods or nature spirits called Kami ▫ Believed that they lived in natural objects Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Example of Kami: Japanese clans trace back their origins to a particular kami • This religion is called Shinto meaning “ the way of the Kami” • Shinto helped unify Japan under imperial rule. • One imperial family has reigned –Yamato clan • First family came into power during the early 300’s • Japanese adapted Chinese writing by at least the early 700’s/ Buddhism also was introduced in Japan Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Japanese emperor issued a new law code modeled on Tang dynasty laws • Centralized the government and gave more rights to the Emperor Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Feudal Japan ▫ First family to gain control over the central government was the Fujiwara ▫ Fujiwara had power from the mid 800’s – to the mid 1100’s ▫ 1185 Minamoto clan gained power (marked the change in the way the government was run) ▫ 1192 the emperior granted Minamoto Yoritomo title of shogun ▫ Shogun- or general controlled the military, finances and laws Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Feudal Japan ▫ Ashikaga Takauji claimed the shogunate for his own clan ▫ Ashikaga shoguns ruled for nearly 250 years ▫ Local level landlords held power. ▫ Hired warriors called the samurai ▫ Samurai (protection) Followed a code of behavior called Bushido (means the way of the warrior) Bravery, loyalty and honor Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • If the Samurai defeated in battle they would practice a ceremonial suicide, Seppuku Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • The Daimyo ▫ Local lords ▫ The Daimyo and the Samurai became the most powerful in Japan ▫ Daimyo would gain there money on the crops the peasants grew and they would also gain their money by taxing them ▫ War would allow people to rise in society ( people who fought well could rise in rank ) Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Zen Buddhism ▫ Zen Buddhism – taught salvation through enlightenment , not faith ▫ Ashikaga shoguns supported Zen Buddhism • What are the similarities among Japan and European Feudalism • What do you think works better? Or do they both work the same? Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Korea ▫ Rugged mountainous peninsula ▫ Nomadic people settled in Korea ▫ In 108 BC troops from Han invaded Korea conquered the kingdom of Choson and turned into a colony ▫ Controlled Northern Korea (Koreans had no voice in government during this time/ 400 years China controlled ) Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Korea ▫ Three kingdoms emerged Koguryo, Paekche and Silla ▫ Han dynasty fell and the Koguryo invaded the north and took over the Chinese colony ▫ Silla made an alliance with the Tang dynasty to invade Koguryo and Paekche ▫ 670 Silla united Korea ▫ 900 Koryo overthrew Sill and took control in 935 Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Korea ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ In 1200’s Mongol Empire controlled Korea 1392 gained its independence Yi dynasty arose to rule the peninsula Until Japan annexed Korea in 1910 Japan, Korea & Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia ▫ Indochina ▫ Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand , and Vietnam ▫ Influenced by China ▫ India also shaped this region ▫ Northern Vietnam (known as Annam ) was controlled by China ▫ 939 Vietnam won their independence from China