Transcript The Mongols!

THE MONGOLS
IN CHINA
THE MONGOL EMPIRE
 The Mongols acquired the world’s largest land empire.
 They were a pastoral (nomadic) people from the region of Mongolia
which consisted of family clans, unified by Temujin in the 1160’s.
NOMADIC HERDERS
GENGHIS
KHAN
 In 1206 Genghis Khan (Strong Ruler) formerly known as Temujin was
elected in the Gobi desert to rule Mongolia and he devoted himself to
conquest.
 He set up a capital city at Karakorum.
 His armies traveled both east and westward to create the world’s largest
empire ever.
GENGHIS THE CONQUEROR
 He was a brilliant organizer, he grouped his warriors in groups of 10,000
as the Chinese had done.
 He then set them up in to 1,000 man brigades, 100 man companies, and
10 man platoons.
 His very effective strategy in battle was to pretend that the battle was
over then gallop away. When the enemy was sure that the battle was
over a second wave of soldiers would suddenly appear and defeat the
unprepared enemy.
CHINESE ATTACKS
 While attacking China the Genghis encountered the use of gunpowder.
 The Khans used gunpowder to invent the handgun and cannon.
 By the 1400’s Europeans were employing Mongolian rulers in China to
teach them how to make guns and cannons.
CRUELTY AS A WEAPON
 Genghis used new technologies that he learned from his
enemies to torture them.
 He had the Chinese build guns, catapults and cannons that
he would later use to kill them with.
 With the new technology he took city after city and if any
city denied him access in he would later kill the cities entire
population.
 Eventually, people so feared him that they would simply
surrender and avoid a fight all together.
AFTER DEATH OF GENGHIS KHAN
 In 1227 Khan dies and his empire began to change.
 The Khans heirs divided his empire and it was split into
khanates(separate territories).
 Each Khanate was ruled by one of his sons.
THE MONGOL PEACE
 From 1200-1300 the Mongol Rulers imposed a period of
stability and law and order in most of Eurasia.
 They allowed safe passage of trade caravans, travelers, and
missionaries from one end of the empire to another.
 Many historians believe that it was this peaceful time when
the Bubonic Plague spread throughout Europe and Asia.
THE EMPIRE OF
THE GREAT
KHAN
THE MONGOL DYNASTY
 1279 Kublai Khan (grandson to Genghis) established a new
Chinese Dynasty called Yuan after he conquered the Song
Dynasty.
 He ruled in China until his death in 1294 and called himself
the Great Khan in 1260.
 His capitol was called Khanbaliq, later known as Beijing.
KUBLAI KHAN
• He spent most of his life in China, unlike the other Khans,
he did not hate other civilizations.
• He loved living in the seat of the Chinese Emperors on the
border between Mongolia and China.
• His enormous palace impressed the European explorer
Marco Polo who called it “the largest that was ever seen.”
THE
DECLINE OF
THE MONGOL
EMPIRE
REBELLIONS
• Many rebellions broke out in China in 1300’s.
• Kublai Khans added to the already deep resentment the Chinese had
for Mongolians who ruled in China and caused them great humiliation.
• Rebellions were also fueled by years of famine, flood and disease, as
well as economic decline.
• Eventually, the Mongolian presence declined and only a few remained .
GENGHIS CONTRIBUTIONS
• Spurred World trade
• United the World
• Spread out intellectuals throughout his empire
• Merit Based Army
• Promoted cultural tolerance in his Empire
END OF THE YUAN DYNASTY
•
By the end of the Yuan Dynasty the entire Mongol empire had disintegrated.
•
The rise and fall of Mongol rule affected civilizations from Eastern Europe to China, and
never reached Japan.
•
Kublai Khan had a deep desire to reach Japan, but did not .