Transcript The east Asian world

THE EAST ASIAN WORLD
Chapter 20
LESSON 1—THE MING AND QING
DYNASTIES
• The Ming Dynasty will last from 1369-1644.
• Under Ming emperors, China extended its rule into Mongolia
and central Asia.
• The Ming strengthened the Great Wall and made peace
with nomadic tribes that had fought with them for centuries.
• The Ming used the civil service exam to run an effective
government.
• The Ming truly began a new era of greatness in Chinese
history.
THE MING DYNASTY
• In 1406, Young Le began building the Imperial City in Beijing.
• He moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
• The Imperial City was created to convey power and
prestige.
• It is an immense complex of palaces and temples
surrounded by 6 ½ miles of walls.
• Because it was off limits to commoners, it was known as the
Forbidden City.
• Zheng He made several voyages from 1405-1433. The first
voyage had 62 ships and nearly 28,000 men.
• Voyages went to India and East Africa.
• In 1514, a Portuguese fleet arrived in China, the first
Europeans seen since Marco Polo.
• More important than trade was the exchange of ideas
between the two cultures.
• Both sides benefited from this cultural exchange.
• Europeans brought clocks and eyeglasses to China.
• Christian missionaries were impressed with the writings of
Confucius, the printing and availability of books, and
Chinese architecture.
• In the late 16th century, the Ming Dynasty began to decline
amidst unrest and a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng.
• The last Ming emperor committed suicide in 1644.
• The Manchus, a farming and hunting people who lived
northeast of the Great Wall in what is today Manchuria, will
conquer China and begin the Qing Dynasty.
• Qing means “pure” and will remain in power until 1911.
The Great Wall is the only man made object visible
from outer space.
THE QING DYNASTY
• The Qing helped to restore peace and
prosperity.
• Kangxi is probably the greatest of the
emperors from 1661-1722. He took charge of
the government while still in his teens and
ruled for 61 years!
“One act of negligence may cause sorrow all
through the country, and one moment of
negligence may result in trouble for thousands
of generations.”—Kangxi
• He signed a treaty with the Russians to stop advancement
further into China and established trade between the two
countries.
• Kangxi was very tolerant of Christian missionaries who
brought Christianity in from Europe converting about
300,000 Chinese.
• Later emperors would not be so tolerant of Christianity.
EUROPEANS IN CHINA, 380
• The Qing dynasty began to decline just as Europe was
seeking more trade in the early 19th century.
• They greatly limited trade with the British and the Russians
and the people began to revolt.
• Great Britain has a trade deficit—importing more than you
are exporting—with China mainly due to large quantities of
tea and porcelain which where in high demand in Britain.
• Emperors continued to block British goods from entering
China.
THE REUNIFICATION OF JAPAN
LESSON 2, 384
• At the end of the 15th century, Japan was in chaos.
• Daimyo—heads of noble families—controlled lands and
warred with their neighbors.
• The process of unification began in the late 16th century with
three powerful leaders showing the way.
• As these three were unifying Japan, the first Europeans
began to arrive. Trade began with Portugal and in the
beginning, visitors were welcomed.
• At first, the Japanese were fascinated by clocks, tobacco,
eyeglasses, and other European goods.
• Jesuit missionaries began to convert Japanese to
Christianity but were halted after the Jesuits destroyed local
shrines.
• In 1587, Christianity was banned in Japan.
Japanese women enjoying tea while
studying Christianity.
THE TOKUGAWA ERA, 385
• Prior to the Tokugawa, many upper-class Japanese,
influence by the writings of Confucius, had considered
trade and industry beneath them.
• Under Tokugawa rulers, trade began to flourish.
• Emperors controlled the daimyo though a hostage system.
• The family of a daimyo lord was forced to stay at their
residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from
it.
• This was to insure loyalty to the shogun—military general.
• Tokugawa rule brought about a
long period of peace known as the
“Great Peace.”
• Many samurai, no longer needed
for war, became managers on the
daimyo’s land.
• By 1750, the city of Edo (modern
day Tokyo) had a population of 1M
and was one of the largest cities in
the world.
• Banking flourished and paper money became the norm for
business transactions.
• Businesses grew and a new merchant class developed.
• Most peasants, suffered from declining profits and rising
taxes.
• The four main classes were warriors, peasants, artisans, and
merchants. Intermarriage between classes was forbidden.
• Most peasants grew rice and were very poor.
• Artisans made such items as swords and wood products.
• At the bottom of the social class were the eta—the outcast
class whose way of life was strictly regulated by the
Tokugawa.
Where they lived, how they dressed, and even how they
could wear their hair was all regulated.
• Based on Confucian doctrine, the rights of women were
restricted. Male heads of household had broad authority
over property, marriage, and divorce.
A peasant throws
himself to the
ground in front of
a samurai, from
the Library of
Congress
LITERATURE AND ARTS, 386
• Ihara Saikaku was
the most famous
urban fiction
writer. Her
greatest novel,
Five Women Who
Loved Love, tells
of a search for
love by five
women.
LESSON 3
THE KINGDOMS OF KOREA AND
SOUTHEAST ASIA, 388
• The Yi dynasty of Korea, began in 1392, was one of the
world’s longest lasting dynasties; it lasted over 500 years.
• They patterned their society after the Chinese.
• The Korean alphabet, Hangul, is different from Japanese
and Chinese language in that it does not use symbols.
• Korean Hangul is phonetically based.
• Chinese and Japanese invasions will weaken Korea in the
late 16th and early 17th centuries.
• Internal conflicts within the royal court also weakened the
dynasty.
• In response to numerous outside attacks, Korean rulers
sought to limit contact with foreign countries by keeping
themselves isolated.
• Due to its isolationist practices, Korea received the name
“Hermit Kingdom.”
• Southeast Asia had four
main types of
governments.
1. Buddhist Kings
2. Javanese Kings
3. Islamic Sultans
4. Vietnamese Emperors
Buddhist King
Islamic Sultan
Javanese Princes
Vietnamese
Emperor
EUROPEANS AND THE SPICE TRADE
391
• Since ancient times, spices had been highly valued.
• They were used in flavorings, medicines, and as food
preservers.
• European countries competed to find a sea route to the
Indies. Portugal found that gateway.
• When Vasco de Gama and his crew came ashore in 1498,
they shouted “For Christ and Spices!”
The most sought after spices were ginger, cloves, cinnamon,
and nutmeg.
• Portugal soon seized the Moluccas, known to Europeans as
the Spice Islands.
• The Portuguese lacked the military and financial resources
to control broad areas.
• They set up small settlements and used them as trading
posts for spices.
• The situation changed with the arrival of the Dutch and the
English who were much better financed.
• Beginning in the early 1600s, the Dutch began to push the
Portuguese out of the spice trade.
• The Dutch will eventually drive most of the English out and
dominate most ports throughout the Indian Ocean.