Transcript Post-Classical Asia and Beyond

Post-Classical Asia and
Beyond
Ch. 10
Unit 4
In this chapter, we will…
• Learn about the developments in Asia
during the “post-classical” era
– Especially in Turkey, Central Asia, India, and
China
• Learn about later developments in parts of
Asia, reaching into the next historical time
period
Essential Questions
• What were the major civilizations of Asia
in the post-classical era?
• What were the effects of the Mongol
invasions?
• What were the achievements of the
Ottomans, Mughals, and Ming Chinese?
Vocab A Go-Go
• Let’s use vocaba-go-go to define
the key
vocabulary.
• You will need an
index card.
Pick up an index card
1. On the BLANK Side of the index
card, boldly write out the vocabulary
term.
major civilizations of
Asia in the post-classical
era
2. Write the Vocabulary term across the top
3. Write a complete definition of the term on the left half of the
index card
4. Draw a visual representation of the term on the right half of the
card.
Major civilizations of Asia in the post-classical era
The major Eastern
civilizations to
develop during
the “Post-Classical
Era” were the
Ottomans,
Safavids, and
Mughal.
Post-Classical Asia and Beyond
Now, you independently will make a
vocab-a-go-go specialty index card.
You will be given your own
vocabulary term.
Use the text references to research
the definition of your given term.
Use that information to create your
own vocabulary index card.
Vocabulary Terms to Know!
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Ottomans
Suleiman the Magnificent
Safavid Empire
Tamerlane
Taj Mahal
Sikhism
Tang Dynasty
Song Dynasty
Samurai
Mongol Empire
Ghengis Khan
Kublai Khan
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Yan Dynasty
Marco Polo
Ming Dynasty
Sultan
Forbidden City
Sultanates
Footbinding
Daimyo
Ivan the Great
Akbar the Great
Six Dynasties
Tsar
Shah Jahn
Important Idea #1
• The Ottomans established their capital in
Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), where the
Sultan ruled with an elaborate court.
• The Ottomans ruled a vast empire that
included Eastern Europe and North Africa.
Jews and Christians were permitted some
self-government
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5v
T5M
Rise of the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottomans, a
nomadic group of
Turkish people
originally from Central
Asia, emerged as rulers
of the Islamic world in
the 13th century
• In 1453, they succeeded
in capturing
Constantinople (which
was what?)
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire was located between
Europe and Asia and interacted with both
Eastern and Western culture throughout
its history
Ottoman Empire
• For a time, the Ottomans cut European trade
with Asia and took control of the
Mediterranean
• Ottomans also conquered Egypt and North
Africa, re-uniting all of the Muslim world
under their rule, except for Persia and
Afghanistan
• They also conquered parts of Eastern Europe
Ottoman Empire
• By the mid 1500’s, under
Suleiman the Magnificent,
the Ottoman Empire
reached its height
• The Ottoman fleet
controlled much of the
trade in the Mediterranean
Sea until their defeat in
1571 by Spaniards and
Venetians
Ottoman Empire
• At the heart of the Ottoman system was
the Sultan (ruler) and his lavish court
• The Sultan in Istanbul (Constantinople)
governed the entire empire as an allpowerful ruler
• Under the Sultan’s rule, the early Ottoman
Empire was well-organized and efficiently
governed
Ottoman Empire
• The Sultan was assisted by a special army –
called the Janissaries- made up of soldiers
recruited in childhood
Ottoman Empire
• The Ottomans recognized the cultural diversity
of their empire
• Jewish and Christian communities were
represented by their own leaders
• Communities governed by their own laws and
collected their own taxes
• These methods of government, as well as
Ottoman control over the crossroads of trade,
promoted prosperity and stability
Back to Important Idea #1
• Who established their capital at Istanbul?
• Who ruled over the Ottoman Empire with
an elaborate court?
• The Ottoman Empire included parts of
what 2 continents?
• What 2 groups of people were permitted
some self-government?
The Safavid Empire in Persia
• Islam spread to Persia
• The Safavids created a great Islamic
empire in Persia in the early 1500’s.
• Members of a Turkish tribe, the Safavids
were Shi’ite Muslims
– They were opposed to the Ottomans, who
followed the Sunni branch of Islam
The Safavid Empire
• Their association with Shi’ite Islam gave
the Safavids an identity separate from their
Turkish and Arab neighbors
• Safavid rule eventually extended as far
south as the Persian Gulf and east to the
Indus River
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire
• Safavid rulers, known as Shahs, used their
large standing armies to maintain control
• The Safavid court became famous for its
beautiful palace carpets and paintings in
miniature
The Muslim Invasion of India
• In the 11th and 12th centuries, Turkish
Muslims invaded India’s northern plains,
destroying Hindu temples and cities
• Large numbers of Hindus were killed in these
invasions
• Muslims established independent kingdoms
in Northern India, known as Sultanates
The Muslim Invasion
• Most important Sultanates was established
around 1200 at Delhi
• For the next 320 years, the Sultans of
Delhi ruled much of Northern and Central
India
The Muslim Invasion
• Unlike prior conquerors, the Muslims
never fully adopted Indian ways
– Ex: Muslim women wore veils and remained
secluded, even though Hindu women did not
The Muslim Invasion
• At the end of the 14th Century, the Mongol
ruler Tamerlane destroyed the city of
Delhi and slaughtered its inhabitants
• The Delhi Sultanate never fully recovered
from this blow
The Mughal Empire (1526-1837)
• In 1526, Babur, a descendant of both
Tamerlane and Ghengis Khan, defeated
the Sultan of Delhi and founded the
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire
• The Mughals were Muslims with close ties
to Safavid Persia
• Because the later Ottoman and Mughal
Empires used guns to control their
populations and fight their enemies,
historians often refer to these as the
“Gunpowder Empires”
The Mughal Empire
• The most famous Mughal ruler was
Babur’s grandson, Akbar the Great (15421605)
• Akbar conquered neighboring Muslim and
Hindu states, uniting Northern India under
his rule
The Mughal Empire
• Akbar set out to unite all his Muslim and Hindu
subjects by promoting religious toleration
• To govern his empire, Akbar divided it into 12
provinces
• Well-trained imperial officials were sent to
supervise local government, enforce laws, and
ensure the collection of taxes
• Akbar also encouraged learning, painting, music,
and literature
The Mughal Empire
• Akbar’s grandson, Shah Jahan (1628-1658),
showed less sympathy for Hindus.
• He imposed special taxes on them and
ordered the destruction of many Hindu
temples
• Many Hindus started converting to Islam
– These people changed religion to avoid paying
taxes
– Others converted because they were from lower
castes and hope to escape the caste system
The Mughal Empire
• Under Jahan’s rule, Mughal artistic and
architectural achievements reached a high
point
• Jahan built palaces, fortresses, and
mosques to glorify his reign
• The most famous was the Taj Mahal,
which was used as a tomb for his wife
The Mughal Empire
• Taj Mahal stands as one of the finest
examples of Mughal architecture, merging
elements of Persian, Islamic, and Indian
styles
The Mughal Empire
• Although the Mughals continued to rule in
the north until 1857, a series of small,
independent kingdoms developed in
Central and Southern India
• Soon afterwards, the Mughal Empire
began to fall apart
Sikhism
• Sikhism developed in Northern India as a
result of the interaction of Muslim and
Hindu beliefs
• Like Hindus, Sikhs believe in reincarnation
• Like Muslims, Sikhs believe in 1 God, and
that God can be known through meditations
(a form of deep contemplation)
Sikhism
• The goal of every Sikh is to build a close
and loving relationship with God
• Sikhs believe that everyone has equal
status in the eyes of God
• Sikh scriptures teach the idea of
moderation, urging followers to eat little,
sleep little, talk little, and to consume as
little as possible
Sikhism
• Unlike Hindus, Sikhs do not have castes
• It is customary for Sikhs of all social ranks
to take meals together
• Sikh men do not cut their hair, which is
often worn under a turban
The Tang and Song Dynasties of
China
• Like Western Europe after the decline of the Roman
Empire, China entered a long period of turmoil and
unrest after the collapse of the Han Dynasty in 220
A.D
• The advance of the Huns helped plunge China into
disunity
• Several warring kingdoms arose, and science, art and
culture declined
• Buddhism spread through China
• This period is known as the Six Dynasties
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• During this Dynasty, China
experienced a Golden Age
• Early Tang rulers
suppressed peasant
uprisings, reunited China,
revived traditional feudal
relationships, and brought
about peace and prosperity
Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• China expanded into Korea, Manchuria and
parts of Central Asia
Tang Dynasty
• The government
took careful censuses
(population counts),
gave examinations on
Confucian texts to
candidates for
government service,
and built public
works
Tang Dynasty
• Architecture, sculpture,
painting, and porcelain all
made great advances
• Artists excelled in
metalwork and jade, and
styled pottery
Tang Dynasty
• Tang painters
depicted nature
with brushwork
on scrolls, and
Tang poets
celebrated court
life
Tang Dynasty
• The Chinese
developed a
unique form of
garden – with
streams, rocks
and trees –
designed for
peaceful
contemplation
Tang Dynasty
• Encouraged
commerce and
handicrafts, making
the Silk Road busier
than ever before
Tang Dynasty
• Tang China
benefited from
trade with
Persia, Arabia,
Japan and the
Byzantine
Empire
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• After the fall of the Tang, the Song
Dynasty emerged in the south
• The song continued to build upon
the achievements of the Tang
• The first use of paper currency and
standardized coins made of copper
and iron
• The Song eliminated forced labor
which helped increase farm
production
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• China engaged in
trade with many parts
of the world
• The Grand Canal,
connecting Beijing,
the Hwang Ho, and
the Yangtze River, was
used to ship grain
within China.
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• Science and
technology also
made advances
• Technology – block
printing, the
crossbow,
gunpowder, and the
abacus
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• Compass – a
magnetized needle
floating in a water bowl
always points northsouth. Traders at sea
used their compass to
determine their
direction when sailing
• The Arts – bronze
casting, porcelains and
painting with black ink
on silk paper
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• Song astronomers
developed new
instruments; doctors
studied acupuncture;
and mathematicians
solved advance
equations
• They introduced
gunpowder in war; the
compass in navigation
and invented
moveable type for
printing
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• The Song faced threats from the tribes on
China’s northern borders
• In order to secure their borders, the Song
allied themselves with the Mongols
• The alliance was a mistake and the Mongols
soon overran the empire and established a
foreign dynasty over China – the Yuan
Dynasty
Women in China
• Tang and Song followed traditional beliefs of
Confucianism
• A women must obey her father, husband and
son
• So long as they gave birth to sons, they would
gain respect in their new family
• Women could inherit land from her husband
when he died, and divorce was allowed
Women in China
• Selection from the Confucian Analects: On Women
and Servants
• 17:25 Women and servants are most difficult to
nurture. If one is close to them, they lose their
reserve, while if one is distant, they feel resentful.
Questions:
• 1. What point of view does Confucius reveal in this statement?
• 2. What does this passage reveal about class structure and class
stereotypes in Confucius’ time?
• 3. Can you find parallels to Confucius attitude in other cultures at the
same or at other times?
Women in China
• Footbinding was
practiced under the
Song Dynasty
• This limited the mobility
of the female
• This gave wealthy
women small feet,
which was considered
attractive, but often
made walking difficult.
China’s Influence on Japan
• Chinese and Koran scholars and merchants
brought many aspects of Chinese culture to
Japan
• Confucianism, Buddhism and Daoism
• Chinese writing, music, art, dance and
evening cooking influenced Japanese styles
and tastes
• Rulers set up an imperial court, and declared
himself emperor in imitation of China
China’s Influence on Japan
• Japanese society was not an exact copy
• Nobles free from tax burdens
• Many noble landowners raised their own
private armies of warriors
• With less taxes, the imperial government
grew weaker
• Warfare broke out between leading noble
families
China’s Influence on Japan
• In 1192, the Japanese
Shogun, or “Supreme
Military Governor”
emerged
• For the next 600
years, the Shogun was
the real rulers of
Japan, with emperors
merely acting as
figureheads
China’s Influence on Japan
• The Shogun stood on
top of the Japanese
feudal system.
• Daimyo (noble) and
Samurai warriors,
(knights on horseback)
swore an oath of loyalty
to the emperor
• Samurai followed a
strict code of honor
called bushido
China’s Influence on Japan
• In return for
loyalty, the
daimyo provided
the samurai with
social status and
economic support
Taizu 1st Song
Emperor
Wu Zhao empress
111. The Mongal Empire
• 1. The Geographic
Setting
• Stretching from
Eastern Europe to
Manchuria is a
treeless grassland
known as the
steppes
The Mongal Empire
• From the earliest times,
nomadic people have
lived in this area by
herding horses, sheep,
camels and goats
• These vast grasslands
provided pastures for
their livestock
The Mongal Empire
• Central Asia saw
the rise of nomadic
peoples who
excelled at
horsemanship and
fighting skills
III. The Mongol Empire
• A series of nomadic peoples pushed out of
this region to conquer their more civilized
neighbors, sometimes with devastating
effects
• The Huns, invaded Europe and contributed to
the collapse of the Roman Empire
• Later the Turks and Mongols also came out of
Central Asia
III. The Mongol Empire
• *During the
1200, the
Mongols
established
the world’s
largest
empire.
A. Genghis Khan Unites the
Mongols
• The Mongols were
loosely organized
into tribes
• Chinggis Khan
(Genghis) united the
varies Mongols tribes
by 1206
A. Genghis Khan Unites the
Mongols
• 200,000 Mongol
horsemen, riding with
sturdy stirrups,
carrying strong
bamboo bows and
attacked cities with
giant catapults
A. Genghis Khan Unites the
Mongols
• Know for there fierce brutality, they
sometimes killed all the defenders of a city
that refused to surrender without resistance
• Chinggis Khan attacked China taking the city
of Beijing
• By 1219 he had captured the Muslim states of
Central Asia
• Chinggis was tolerance of other religions,
made use of local administrators and
craftspeople
A. Genghis Khan Unites the
Mongols
• He promoted trade throughout the empire and
ordered the creation of a written script for the
Mongol language
• His successors extended rule into Persia, Russia,
Iraq and the rest of China
• The Mongols, held sway over one of the largest
empires the world has ever seen – from the
Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean
• The Empire soon divided into four separate
kingdoms “khanates”, each ruled by a different
descendant of Chinggis Khan
B. The Yuan Dynasty
• Kublai Khan
established the Yuan
Dynasty in China.
• United Northern and
Southern China
B. The Yuan Dynasty
• Encouraged Mongols
to adopt Chinese
ways and even
adopted Chinese
name for his dynasty
Yuan
• Claimed the
Mandate of Heaven
in ruling China
B. The Yuan Dynasty
• Marco Polo, a
merchant from Venice
journeyed along the
Silk Road and visited
China in the 1270’s
B. The Yuan Dynasty
• Astounded by Kublai
Khan’s court and
technology
superiority of the
Chinese
• Especially impressed
with the use of
gunpowder and their
burning of coal as a
source of heat
C. Mongol Influence on
Russia
• In the 13th century,
Mongol warriors
conquered most of Russia
• Mongol words, customs
and even clothing styles
influenced Russian culture
• Moscow, known as
Muscovy, became the
strongest Russian state
C. Mongol Influence on
Russia
• In 1480, Ivan the
Great declared
Muscovy’s
independence from
the Mongols
• Ivan became Tsar,
(“Caesar” or
Emperor)
D. The Rule of Tamerlane
• In the 14th century the
Mongols enjoyed a
brief resurgence in
Central Asia
• Tamerlane, a TurkishMongol ruler, expanded
his kingdom from
Samarkand into Persia,
Afghanistan, Russia,
Syria, Turkey and
Northern India
D. The Rule of Tamerlane
• Known for his
brutality in warfare
and his massacre
of civilian
populations
• His empire did not
last after his death