Transcript File - World History

Foreigners in China
European Imperialism &
The End of the Dynastic Cycle
Aisin Gioro Puyi
Mao Zedong
The End of the Mongol Rule
In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang
a peasant general
lead a revolt against
the Mongols.
Background—1700s

The Qing (Ch’ing) Empire or Manchu
Dynasty is flourishing:
– Has largest physical borders since Han
Dynasty—stretches all the way to the Eurasian
mountains and south to Tibet
– Center of the world economy
– Strong centralized government because of the
civil service exam
Chinese Civil Service Exam:
- The system became the major path to office during the Tang
dynasty (618–907), and remained so until its abolition in 1905.
- Since the exams were based on knowledge of the classics
(Confucius) and literary style, not technical expertise, successful
candidates were similar in the sense that they shared a common
language and culture.
- This common culture helped to unify the empire and the ideal of
achievement by merit gave legitimacy to imperial rule.
- Critics charged that the system stifled creativity
and created officials who dared not to defy
authority.
What did the world desire from
China?
 During the 1700s,
_______________________________
were China’s biggest exports.
– Items greatly
coveted by the British
During the 1700s, China maintained a policy
of __________________ concerning
foreign trade and limited British trade to
ONE city.
Chinese Isolationism:
China does not feel the need to trade any
more than they already do with Europe.
 They allow Europeans to trade in one
port—Canton– several times a year. It
is watched over by Chinese merchants
appointed by the Emperor called ‘hongs’
 Why did they do this?

– Europe couldn’t offer anything to the
Chinese that they wanted…
McCartney Goes to China
The King of England sends
Lord McCartney to China on
a mission to get more trading
rights
 McCartney refuses to kowtow
so they basically ignore him
 The Chinese completely turn
him down

Event that Lead to the Fall of
Economic Control
1.
2.
The Qing Dynasty is losing control of the
peasant population because of the high
taxes they are putting on food.
The Industrial Revolution gives Europe
manufactured goods that they are trying
to sell—gives them power
Opium War 1839-1842

Why did the British sell opium to China?
– The balance of trade was very bad for the
British. All of their silver was going into China
and none was coming out.
They try to sell their manufactured goods
in China
 They only succeed in selling Opium

Problems
1.
2.
Much of the nation becomes addicted to
Opium…negative outcome for production
of anything, most importantly
agriculture.
Loss of silver– all flowing out of the
country to the British
Lin Zexu’s Letter to Queen Victoria

Lin Zexu’s (Chinese scholar and official of the Qing
Dynasty) forceful opposition to the opium trade on
economic, moral, and social grounds is considered to be
the primary catalyst for war.

Although the non-medicinal consumption of opium was
banned by the Yongzheng Emperor in 1729, by the
1830s China's economy and society were being damaged
by increased imports by Chinese smugglers who illegally
bought opium from British and American traders.
Tactics of the Chinese
Eventually Lin Zexu
collects all of the opium
and burns it
 This enrages the British
and war ensues
 The British have
superior navy and
defeat the Chinese who
are then forced to sign
unfair treaties.

Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)
1.
2.
3.
Accept British terms of peace
Pay for the opium destroyed
Give Hong Kong to the British
Outcome
China tries to modernize politically and
militarily
 Try to adapt western ways with Chinese
traditions
 No formula is found
 China succumbs to foreign invasion and
pressures

Boxer Rebellion
Boxers or the Fists of Righteous Harmony
were started after the embarrassing Treaty
of Nanjing
 Their main goals were to:

1. Kill foreigners
2. Kill Christians both Chinese and other
3. Illicit support from the Qing Dynasty
Outcome of the Boxer Rebellion

The Qing Empire refused to stop the uprising
and supported the Boxers

The foreign governments of Britain, the U.S.,
France, and others stepped in to protect their
people

Completely crushed the Chinese army and took
control of China ‘carving it up like a ripe melon’
The End of the
Dynastic Cycle
Aisin Gioro Puyi
Mao Zedong
Republic of China

After the fall of the Qing
Empire a new political party
took over called the
Nationalists

They were headed by Dr.
Sun Yet-Sen who was
educated in the U.S. and
comes up with a policy to
rule China
Three Principals of the People
Nationalism overthrow of the emperor
and the ending of imperial power over
China
 Democracy republican, elected form of
government
 Livelihood extensive land reform; all
Chinese could have a decent living

CIVIL WAR



Warlords tried to gain control of China
The Nationalists and the Communists fought to
expel the warlords
Chaing Kai Shek of the Nationalists didn’t get control
until 1928
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Chiang immediately
turned on his
communists helpers
and killed thousands
of them
 This led to war
between the
Nationalists and
Communists, who
were led by Mao
Zedong

Mao and Civil War
Mao thought the only way to control China
was through the support of the peasants
 Peasants loved him for land reform and
middle class for ending imperialism
 During an attack by the nationalists Mao
leads the communists on a ‘Long March’

– 17 miles a day for over 6,000 miles
– Communists are pushed to the North and
Nationalists to the South
WWII
In 1937 the Japanese took control of the
region of Manchuria
 The Communists and Nationalists joined
forces and fought together to expel the
Japanese
 Japanese burned, looted, raped and killed
Chinese citizens Rape of Nanking

http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/war-crimes/war-crimesgeneral/reflections-on-the-rape-of-nanking.html
Outcome
At end of WWII China went right back to
its civil war
 The U.S. supported the nationalists
 The CCP won complete control of China in
1949 and established the People’s
Republic of China
 The Nationalists fled and went to the
island of Taiwan
