The Mongols - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
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Transcript The Mongols - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
The Mongols:
The Terror of Civilization or
the Maker of New Worlds?
What are you expected to Know?
-How do they live/survive?
-Who was Chinggis Khan?
-Why was their military so successful?
-What happened to the Empire after Chinggis’ death?
-Who was Kublai Khan?
-How did Kublai Khan impact China?
-What is the Pax Mongolica?
-Why did the Mongols finally Decline?
-Who was Timur/Tamerlane?
Migration and Expansion
Nomads live off their animals and follow their
migratory patterns. HERDERS/PASTORALISTS
Also survived on hunting, horsemen
Every male 15-70 had to serve military
Greatest strength in mobility
Limited agriculture—geographical limitations.
Animals: Sheep, Goat, Yaks, Oxen
Live in Yurts –mobile homes
Some convert to Buddhism, Islam
Often in conflict with Tatars
Turkish, central/west Asia, Russia
Rise of Mongols
Competition for resources kept them under
constant threat of violence Pastureland began
to disappear b/c drop in temperature
Forced to trade or ‘expand’ for resources
Temujin (Genghis Khan) united Mongols
(Chinggis) Genghis Khan
Organized Military Resources vs. Tatars
Mongol tribes against the Tatars
1206 CE: Khuriltai (an assembly of the Mongol nobility)
Give title “Chinngis Khan”
Khan of All Between the Oceans
Borrowed Turk script; 1st written works, use to write laws
Reforms of the religion, laws and politics of the newly
united people.
Greater Mongolia included the Mongolian Plateau and
the Gobi Desert.
Organization
He organized his people into units of ten, a hundred, a
thousand, and ten thousand, and the head of a unit of ten
thousand would have a strong personal relationship with
Chinggis himself.
That kind of loyalty was to be extremely important in
Chinggis's rise to power and in his ability to maintain
authority over all the various segments of his domain.
Warfare--- Inventive
Genghis Khan: “Submit and live, Resist and
die”
Horses were fast and flexible
Could ride for days
Use biological warfare (plague ridden bodies)
Fake out- pretend to withdraw
Hit-and-run raids- hit town etc then run and
outride sedentary cultures, hide
Compound bow: skilled at shooting it while
riding (range 350 ft, opponents only 250 ft)
Mongol Invasions before 1259
Mongol Empire 1227-1405
Legacy of Genghis Khan
Religious Tolerance
1st Mongolian Script (writing)
Support for trade and crafts (Pax Mongolica)
Legal Code specific to the Mongols'
pastoral-nomadic way of life
According to his wishes, upon death his
territory was divided between his sons and
grandson (4 main divisions)
Mongol States after 1259
2
1
3
4
Division of the Empire: Area I
China – Kublai Khan
Khublai Khan: Chinggis Khan’s
grandson: consolidated Mongol rule
in China
Destroyed Song Dynasty in 1279
Area #2: The Golden Horde
Russia & Europe - Batu
Overran Russia in 1237
Moved into Eastern Europe: Poland,
Hungary, and East Germany
Ruled Russia but kept large number local
rulers intact
Mostly, people were Christian but Mongols
were Muslim
Encouraged conversion but not force
Controlled area until 15th century
Central Asia: Ruled by
Chaghadai
Area #3
Central Asia
This area will be in constant conflict with
area #1-China under Kublai Khan
Persia: Ruled by Hulegu Area # 4
West Asia; Arab Area
Khubilai Khan's brother Hulegu, destroyed the
Abbasid Dynasty by occupying the city of Baghdad
Employed local bureaucrats
Converted to Islam
Not support agriculture, but support trade
Local rulers allowed to continue as long as
Delivered tax revenue
Maintained order
Prevented further invasions by Mamluks in Egypt
(Saladin)
YUAN CHINA
Kublai Khan
Grandson of Genghis Khan
Very cosmopolitan- allow many artisans etc
visit
Attacked Song dynasty in China 1260s
Still a few holdouts: Confucian bureaucrats
and Chinese generals
Established Yuan dynasty (1271-1368)
Overall, held Chinese in contempt
Chinese-style dynasty
Fixed and regular tax payment system
Strong, centralized government
Foreigners, not Chinese, in civil service
Chinese subjected to different laws
Four-caste system
YUAN CHINA
Rule of China
Mongols kept nomadic way of life and turned vast
tracks of land they captured into pastures
Amnesty to Chinese who fought against Mongols
Tax System; Local Administration
Supported/Accepted Islam, and
Christianity…promoted Buddhism.
Condemned Daoism, Confucianism
Unsuccessful in his conquest of Vietnam, Burma, and
Japan.
YUAN CHINA
Divisions
Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols
and Chinese
Forbade Chinese from learning Mongol
language
Brought foreigners into govern, lack of
confidence in Chinese…disdain for
Confucianism.
Noted tolerance for traditions and religions.
YUAN CHINA
Trade and Commerce
Promote Silk Roads; Guarantee Liberty and
Social Standing for Merchants
Countered Chinese ideas of Traders
Postal system: Connect Beijing to Vienna
w/ communication system of horse relays
Unified system of paper money; conversion
system
Diplomatic missions with Europe
Gender Roles
Property Rights; Control Household
Freedom to move around town
Refuse to accept footbinding
Individual accounts of women going to war,
choosing their own mates, riding in hunts
Chabi- wife of Kubilai Khan
Important advisor
Desired to accept Chinese culture without being
overwhelmed by it
Spread Buddhism in high circles of government
Convinced husband not to treat Chinese harshly
"Pax Mongolica"
Peak of Mongolian rule when large
areas of Europe and Asia under their
rule
Allowed relatively safe trade and
contacts between different cultures
Eliminated tariffs, taxes on
imports/exports
Decline of the Mongols
Successful conquers but poor administrators
Excessive spending
Leadership struggles
Collapse of Yuan Dynasty- by peasant
Yuanxhang which created Ming dynasty
14thc. Plague greatly weakened Nomads
Depopulation/labor shortage
Resurgence of Chinese
By 1350, most of territory reconquered by other
armies; by early 1400s, most dissipated into local
cultures