Transcript AKS 40: Japan and China

AKS 40: Japan and China
AKS 40 - Investigate political and social
changes in Japan and in China from the
seventeenth century CE to mid
nineteenth century CE (GPS)
(SSWH_F2007-40)
Chapter 19.2 and 19.3
Pages 536-547
AKS 40a –
Describe the policies
of the Qing rulers,
to include Kangxi
Qing Dynasty: What did China look like?
• Qing Dynasty – founded by Manchus (from
Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted
– Rebellions flared up periodically for
decades
• Manchus slowly earned respect
– Upheld China’s traditional Confucian
beliefs
– Made frontiers safe & restored
prosperity
Qing Dynasty:
Kangxi (1661-1722)
• Reduced government
expenses, lowered
taxes
• Gained support of
intellectuals by offering
them gov’t positions
• Jesuits told him of
European achievements
in science, medicine,
and math
Qing Dynasty: Isolation Continues
• Countries that wished to trade w/ China had to
follow certain rules:
– Trade at special ports
– Pay Tribute
– “Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor &
touching head to ground 9 times)
“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have
themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or
ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s
manufactures.”
- Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain
Qing Dynasty: Cultural Developments
• Culture based mainly on
traditional forms
• Valued technique over
creativity
• Pottery – high-quality
ceramics (porcelain)
• Drama popular b/c
literacy rates were low
– Focused on Chinese
history & cultural heroes
AKS 40b:
Analyze the impact
of population growth
and its impact on
the social structure
Qing Dynasty: Causes of Population Increase
• Agriculture Improved irrigation & fertilizer use ↑
• Farmers produced more
food
• Nutrition improved  new
crops – corn and sweet
potatoes (Europe)
• People lived longer,
families expanded
**Columbian Exchange
Qing China: Impact on Social Structure:
• Sons Favored
– Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
– Raised his own family under parents’ roof - help
aging parents on farm
– Females not valued – many infant girls killed
• Role of Women
– Worked in fields, supervised children’s education,
managed family finances
– Some found jobs working as midwives or textile
workers
AKS 40a:
Describe the policies
of the Tokugawa to
include Oda Nobunaga
Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)
• Wanted to eliminate
remaining enemies
• 1575 – Nobunaga’s 3,000
soldiers armed with
muskets crushed enemy
force of samurai cavalry
– 1st time firearms had been
used effectively in battle in
Japan
• Committed seppuku
(ritual suicide of samurai)
“Rule the empire by force.”
- Oda Nobunaga -
Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t):
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616)
Tokugawa Shogunate (military gov’t):
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616)
• Defeated his rivals at Battle of
Sekigahara
–Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo
throughout Japan
• 1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun)
• Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)
• Enacted policies that resulted in the rule
of law overcoming the rule of the sword
Tokugawa Japan: Policy of Isolation
• 1639 – Shoguns realized that they could
safely exclude both missionaries and
merchants creating the Closed Country
Policy.
– Sealed Japan’s borders, except
Nagasaki
• Commercial contacts with Europe ended
• 200+ years – Japan remained closed &
citizens could not leave
• Continued to develop self-sufficiently
Tokugawa Japan: Cultural Developments
• Traditional culture thrived
• New types of fiction began
to emerge – realistic stories
about self-made merchants
or hardships of life
• Haiku – type of poetry that
presented images rather
than ideals
• Kabuki theater – skits about
modern life
Tokugawa Japan: Impact on Social Structure
• Societal Structure
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* Confucian values
important
Emperor top rank (figurehead only)
Actual ruler was shogun – military commander
Daimyo – landholding samurai
*Farmers made
Samurai warriors
ideal citizens
Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans
Merchants
• Role of Women
– With the rise of commercial centers, women found
jobs in entertainment, textile manufacturing, &
publishing
– Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives