Transcript India and China Empires

India and China Establish Empires,
400 B.C.– A.D. 550
India and China establish
powerful empires and
develop strong, vibrant
cultures.
Striding infantryman, China.
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SQ 3
Would you spy for your government?
What kinds of tensions might exist in
a society where neighbors spies
upon neighbors?
Is there a time when spying is ethical?
India and China Establish Empires,
400 B.C.– A.D. 550
SECTION 1
India’s First Empires
SECTION 2
Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture
SECTION 3
Han Emperors in China
Map
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Section 1
India’s First Empires
The Mauryas and the Guptas establish empires,
but neither unifies India permanently.
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SECTION
1
India’s First Empires
The Mauryan Empire Is Established
Map
Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power
• In 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya seizes power,
starts Mauryan Empire
Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India
• Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India
united for first time
• Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large army
Running the Empire
• Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest
• Chandragupta creates bureaucratic government
• He divides the government to make it easier to rule
Continued . . .
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continued The
Mauryan Empire Is Established
Life in the City and the Country
• A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the
empire
• Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., 32
years
• Asoka—Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the
empire to its height
Image
Asoka Promotes Buddhism
• After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes
Buddhism and peace
• Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of
different religions
• Builds roads, with wells along them
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A Period of Turmoil
The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire
• Asoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India
soon break away
• The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for
centuries
• Northern India receives immigrants from Greece,
other parts of Asia
• Tamils—a people living in southern India—
remain separate and frequently war with rival
peoples
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1
The Gupta Empire Is Established
Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire
Map
• Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north
India in A.D. 320
• Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire;
flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu
culture
• His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with
conquest
Continued . . .
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continued The
Gupta Empire Is Established
Daily Life in India
• Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family
raises crops together
• Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest
male
• Farmers have to contribute work to government
and pay heavy taxes
• Some Tamil families are matriarchal—led by
mother rather than father
Continued . . .
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continued The
Gupta Empire Is Established
Height of the Gupta Empire
• Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375–415
• He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast
to empire
• Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion,
and science
• After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines
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Section 2
Trade Spreads Indian
Religions and Culture
Indian religions, culture, and science evolve
and spread to other regions through trade.
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SECTION
2
Trade Spreads Indian Religions
and Culture
Buddhism and Hinduism Change
Traditional Hindu and Buddhist Beliefs
• Hinduism blends Aryan and other beliefs; belief in
many gods
• To Buddhists, desire causes suffering but suffering
can be overcome
Continued . . .
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2
continued Buddhism
and Hinduism Change
A More Popular Form of Buddhism
• Belief in bodhisattvas develops—potential
Buddhas who save humanity
• Mahayana sect—Buddhists accepting new
doctrines of worship, salvation
• Theravada sect—Buddhists who follow original
teachings of Buddha
• Wealthy Buddhist merchants build stupas—
stone structures over relics
Image
Image
Continued . . .
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continued Buddhism
and Hinduism Change
A Hindu Rebirth
• Hinduism is remote from people by time of Mauryan
Empire
• Hinduism moves toward monotheism; gods part of
one divine force
• Chief gods:
Brahma—creator of the world
Vishnu—preserver of the world
Shiva—destroyer of the world
Image
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2
Achievements of Indian Culture
Literature and the Performing Arts
• Kalidasa—poet and dramatist, one of India’s
greatest writers
• His skillful and emotionally stirring plays still
popular
• Madurai writing academies create literature;
2,000 Tamil poems survive
• Drama and dance troupes gain popularity and
travel widely
Continued . . .
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continued Achievements
of Indian Culture
Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medicine
• Ocean trade leads to advances in astronomy
• Indian astronomers in Gupta Empire prove that world
is round
• Mathematicians develop idea of zero and decimal
system
• Doctors write medical guides and make advances in
surgery
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2
The Spread of Indian Trade
India’s Valuable Resources
• India has spices, diamonds, precious stones, and
good quality wood
Image
Overland Trade, East and West
• Trade routes called Silk Roads connect Asia and
Europe
• Indians build trading posts to take advantage of
the Silk Roads
Sea Trade, East and West
• Indian merchants carry goods to Rome by sea
• Merchants trade by sea with Africa, Arabia,
China, Southeast Asia
Continued . . .
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continued The
Spread of Indian Trade
Effects of Indian Trade
• Increased trade leads to rise of banking
• Bankers lend money to merchants, careful of degree
of risk
• Increased trade spreads Indian culture to other
places
• Trade brings Hinduism, Buddhism to other lands
Interactive
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Section 3
Han Emperors in China
The Han Dynasty expands China’s borders
and develops a system of government that
lasts for centuries.
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Han Emperors in China
The Han Restore Unity to China
Troubled Empire
• In Qin Dynasty peasants resent high taxes and harsh
labor, rebel
Liu Bang Founds the Han Dynasty
• Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu, a rival for power, and
founds Han Dynasty
• Han Dynasty—begins in 202 B.C., lasts 400 years
• Han Dynasty has great influence on Chinese people,
culture
• Liu Bang establishes centralized government—a
central authority rules
• Liu Bang lowers taxes and reduces punishments to
keep people happy
Interactive
Continued . . .
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continued The
Han Restore Unity to China
The Empress Lü
• Liu Bang dies in 195 B.C.; wife Lü seizes control
of empire
• Empress Lü rules for her young son, outlives him
• Palace plots and power plays occur throughout
Han Dynasty
The Martial Emperor
• Liu Bang’s great-grandson Wudi rules from 141 to
87 B.C.
• “Martial Emperor” Wudi defeats Xiongnu
(nomads) and mountain tribes
• Colonizes Manchuria, Korea, and as far south as
what is now Vietnam
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A Highly Structured Society
Chart
Emperor’s Role
• Chinese believe their emperor has authority to
rule from god
• Believe prosperity reward of good rule; troubles
reveal poor rule
Structures of Han Government
• Complex bureaucracy runs Han government
• People pay taxes and supply labor, military service
• Government uses peasant labor to carry out public
projects
Continued . . .
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continued A
Highly Structured Society
Confucianism, the Road to Success
• Wudi’s government employs 130,000;
bureaucracy of 18 ranks of jobs
• Civil service jobs—government jobs obtained
through examinations
• Job applicants begin to be tested on knowledge
of Confucianism
• Wudi favors Confucian scholars, builds school to
train them
• Only sons of wealthy can afford expensive
schooling
• Civil service system works well, continues until
1912
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3
Han Technology, Commerce, and Culture
Technology Revolutionizes Chinese Life
Chart
• Invention of paper in A.D. 105 helps spread
education
• Collar harness, plow, wheelbarrow improve
farming
Agriculture Versus Commerce
• As population grows, farming regarded as
important activity
• Government allows monopolies—control by one
group over key industries
• Techniques for producing silk become state secret
as profits increase
Image
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The Han Unifies Chinese Culture
Bringing Different Peoples Under Chinese Rule
• To unify empire, Chinese government encourages
assimilation
• Assimilation—integrating conquered peoples into
Chinese culture
• Writers encourage unity by recording Chinese history
Image
Women’s Roles—Wives, Nuns, and Scholars
• Most women work in the home and on the farm
• Some upper-class women are educated, run shops,
practice medicine
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3
The Fall of the Han and Their Return
The Rich Take Advantage of the Poor
• Large landowners gain control of more and more land
• Gap between rich and poor increases
Wang Mang Overthrows the Han
• Economic problems and weak emperors cause
political instability
• In A.D. 9, Wang Mang seizes power and stabilizes
empire
• Wang Mang is assassinated in A.D. 23; Han soon
regain control
The Later Han Years
• Peace restored, Later Han Dynasty lasts until A.D. 220
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