Transcript Chapter 13 – Japan, Korea, Vietnam

Japan, Korea, &
Vietnam in the PostClassical Period
AP WORLD HISTORY
Presentation Outline
1) China’s Influence in the Post-Classical Period
2) Japan in the Post-Classical Period
3) Korea in the Post-Classical Period
4) Vietnam in the Post-Classical Period
1) What do we know about PostClassical China?
oSui, Tang, Song Dynasties
oSui: rebuilds after chaos resulting from the fall of the Han
dynasty; Grand Canal to connect north and south
oTang: Early support and promotion of Buddhism (Empress Wu);
increase in temples/education/rights of women; eventually ban
Buddhism; Perfect Bureaucracy/Civil Service Exam; growth of large
cities
oSong: Neo-Confucianism; foot binding; strong trade networks and
navy; some tendencies for exploration
oEventually will be invaded by Mongols in 1237 CE
China’s View of the Asian
Peoples
•Story of Phuc and the Barbarians’ Hotel
•Story shows reverence for China but also showed
the view China held for “others”
•China was seen as “Middle Kingdom”
•Chinese language, Confucianism, technological
innovations and social/political organization spread
throughout Vietnam, Korea and Japan
•This spread was also met with open resistance
when direct control was exerted (Vietnam & Korea)
2) Japan in the Post-Classical
Period
Influence of Chinese Government,
Culture and Traditions in Japan
7th and 8th centuries CE - Chinese influence in full
effect in Japan
Taika Reforms (646 CE)
◦ Change Japanese leader into absolute emperor
◦ Chinese language in Japanese bureaucracy
◦ Dynastic histories
◦ Etiquette blended from China and Japan
◦ Buddhist art; Confucian practices
◦ Ultimately fail - WHY?
◦ Buddhist monks overly powerful; aristocratic families seize control in
reaction and move capital to Heian
Classical Japanese
literature
Chinese Influence Upon
Japanese Culture
Royal Court Proceedings
◦ Emphasized education, politeness, social norms,
literature/poetry/art
◦ Palaces and Gardens
The Tale of Genji
Decline of Chinese influence
◦ Imperial family loses power to powerful landowners
◦ Less stress on importance of Chinese customs which were
deeply connected to Imperial family
◦ Formal gov’t replaced with bakufu (military government)
Heian Japan (794-1185)
The Emperor was considered to be descendant of
Japan’s Shinto gods, and therefore sacred.
During the Heian period, the emperor lost political
power but remained important as a symbolic
figurehead.
◦ Real power rested with whatever noble family
gained the position of chancellor (kwampaku)
and, with it, the duty of “protecting” emperor.
◦ The Chancellor had to keep the emperor in
seclusion and rule in his name
The emperor
reigned, but did not
always rule!
Japanese
Feudal
Society
Japanese Social Structure
Samurai Code of Honor
(Bushido)
◦ Loyalty to lords and
emperor, Politeness,
Simplicity
◦ Hunting, Archery, Steel
Swords and Longbow
◦ Seppuku - killing oneself
for dishonorable deeds
◦ Japanese vs. European
Feudalism
Japanese vs. European Feudalism
Europe
Japan
Nobility
king, lords
emperor, shogun,
daimyo
Warriors
knights
samurai
Code of conduct
chivalry
bushido
Evolution
Both practices developed in response to the need
for security and stability
everyone had well-defined social roles
helped preserve law and order
The Shogunates
Two Shogunates governed Japan during this period in Japanese
history
◦ Kamakura Shogunate (1185 – 1333 CE)
◦ Ashikaga Shogunate (1336 – 1573 CE)
Both Shogunates were Feudal systems in which the shogun
shared power with landowning warlords called Daimyo.
The Shogun and Daimyo came from warrior class known as the
SAMURAI (“one who serves”).
◦ Just as European knights theoretically followed the code of
chivalry, Samurai followed the code of Bushido (“way of the
warrior”).
◦ The most extreme penalty for violating Bushido was ritual
suicide.
A Samurai committing
ritual suicide
Japanese Economy
Growth of urban commerce
◦ Guilds
◦ Better crops (soybeans)
◦ Settle in new areas
Impact on Women
◦ Guild and trade participation in merchant classes
◦ Elite women: lost rights to inherit land and certain forms
of education
◦ Used in marriage alliances
Decline of Post-Classical Japan
Shoguns
◦ Gain too much power; manipulated emperors
Military Divisions
◦ Divide Japan into 300 little kingdoms
Changes in Warfare
◦ Sneak attacks, untrained forces; decreased focus on role of
samurai
Peasant Unrest
◦ Badly trained and poorly fed troops
◦ Raid cities; some unsuccessful revolts and uprisings
3) Korea in the Post-Classical Period
Chinese Influence Upon Korea
Before arrival of Chinese Influence:
◦ Descendants of Siberia and Manchuria
◦ Settle in Korean by 4th century BCE
Han Dynasty conquered Korea in 109 BCE; Chinese
settlers to Korea
Sinification
◦ Adoption of Chinese culture
◦ Aided by Buddhism
Acceptance of certain Chinese traditions
◦ Writing, unified law code, universities, bureaucracy
Classical Korean in
Chinese characters
Sinification
Tang Dynasty conquers Korea, but eventually
removes influence in 668 CE
◦ Korea remains independent until 20th century
Send groups to China to study Chinese culture
(Tribute system)
Study Chinese texts
Art - modeled Chinese pottery, architecture
(templies, pagodas), print-making
Buddhism
Limited Acceptance
Which group was most likely to accept Chinese
culture in Korea?
Why?
◦ Elites did not intermarry or socialize outside of classes so
ideas never spread
◦ Dominated trade with China and Japan
◦ Commoners only related to religious (Buddhist) aspect
due to missionaries and festivals
Koryo Period (918-1392)
oHad a centralized
bureaucracy
oCivil service examinations
oDeveloped moveable type
oTraded with Song dynasty
After expulsion of Mongols in 1231, Korea
establishes the Yi dynasty which will continue many
of the features of previous dynasties until its rule
ends in 1910 while resisting further sinification
Korea creates its own
alphabet (Hangul) in the
15th century
4) Vietnam in the Post-Classical Period
Vietnam
2nd century BCE - conquered by Han
Pre-conquest: Viets had strong cultural heritage of
their own
◦ Already settled in area when come in contact with
Qin dynasty 100 years before
◦ Resisted cultural influences but accepted
technological innovations and ideas about
government
◦ China views Viets as “southern barbarians”
Chinese vs. Vietnamese Cultures in
Post-Classical Period
Chinese Culture
◦ Xenophobic
◦ Mandarin Chinese
◦ Emphasis on centralized
government/ bureaucracy
◦ Women’s roles limited to
household
Vietnamese Culture
◦ Willing to marry outside of
culture (Khmers in Cambodia)
◦ Distinct language
◦ Emphasized local village
autonomy
◦ Women have good deal of
independence
◦ Also have different styles of
dress and hygiene
Influence Upon Vietnamese
Elite
111 BCE - Han conquers Vietnam
Elite look to benefit
◦Attend Chinese schools
◦Enforce exam system for gov’t jobs
◦Adopt irrigation techniques, Chinese
military organization, ancestor worship
Classical Vietnamese Calligraphy in Chinese
characters
Vietnamese Resistance to Chinese
Influence
Peasants oppose influence - they don’t benefit as much
as elite
Chinese in Vietnam look down upon lower-class
customs
Trung sisters led revolt in 39 CE
◦ Opposed Confucian values - WHY?
Vietnam difficult for China to control due to geography
(Distance/mountains)
939 CE - gain independence from China
◦ Remain independent until 19th c. French colonization
Vietnam: Agricultural
Economy
The widespread practice of rice-paddy
farming, or growing rice by means of wet
cultivation, originated in SE Asia, most likely
Vietnam around 500 BCE.
◦Before this, Rice had been grown dry. Wet
cultivation led to increased crop yields
◦Spread to other parts of Asia, including
China and Japan.