Transcript Mandate of Heaven, Bantu, Americas

Warmup
What was the Mandate of Heaven, and
which civilization believed in it?
ANCIENT CHINA
THE SHANG DYNASTY: 1766-1122
B.C.E.
 Arose in the North China
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Along Yellow River
Between Ordos Bulge and Mouth of Yellow River
 Evidence
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Many records, material remains discovered
Bronze metallurgy, monopolized by elite
Vast network of walled towns
Agricultural surpluses supported large troops
 Shang Society
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Shang-kings were warriors
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Constant struggle with nobles for power
The Shang capital moved six times
Small Shang elite ruled large common population
 Lavish tombs of Shang kings
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Contained chariots, weapons, bronze goods
Sacrificial human victims, dogs, horses
Shang china
MANDATE OF HEAVEN
 The right to rule granted by heaven
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Zhou justified their overthrow of Shang
Ruler called "the son of heaven"
Only given to virtuous, strong rulers
To lose mandate = someone else should rule
Replacement of dynasties = Dynastic Cycle
 Signs one had lost mandate
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Corruption, heavy taxes
Lazy officials and rulers
Revolts, invasions, civil wars, crime
Natural disasters
Society develops bad morals, habits
THE ZHOU DYNASTY: 1122-256 B.C.E.
 The rise of the Zhou
 The last Shang king was a bad ruler
 The Zhou forces toppled the Shang
 Political organization
 Adopted decentralized administration
 Used princes and relatives to rule regions
 Consequences
 Weak central government with ceremonial functions
 Rise of regional powers; often called feudalism
 Constant rivalry between warring families, nobles
Shang china
The Zhou map
Bantu Migrations, 3000-1000 BCE
• Bantu: means “people”
• Originated in what would be modern Nigeria
• Migration throughout sub-Saharan regions
– Population pressures
• Over 500 variations of original Bantu language
– 90 million speakers
– Similar to Indo-Europeans in that they spread
language as they moved.
• By 1000 BCE, occupied most of Africa south of
the equator
Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE
Bantu Migration
In Africa, why
more of this…
…and less of this?
Bantu Religions
• Evidence of early monotheism
• Deistic views as well
– Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits
• Great variations among populations
American Civilizations
Olmecs
Chavin
How did they compare to other
civilizations?
Similar
• Polytheistic
• Metallurgy
• Formed cities
Different
• Didn’t develop in a river
valleys
• Cultivated Maize (corn)
• Domesticated llamas
Chavin