Transcript apworldchapter14the_mongols

The Mongols
The Eastern Hemisphere Before the Mongol
Invasions
Chinggis Khan
• What was to become the Mongol Empire
resulted from the rise of Chinggis Khan and the
unification of the Mongol and Turkic people.
• Nomadic people – trading with goods from their
animals – clan organization – women trained as
riders, etc. – HORSES!!!!!!
• No written language – hundreds of thousands of
Mongols throughout the steppes of Asia.
• 12th century Mongol leader – KABUL KHAN – led a
united Mongol army and defeated an army of the Qin –
but after his death the fragile Mongol alliance fell apart.
His great-grandson was Chinggis Khan!!
• Chinggis Khan was born Temujin and later given the title
KHAN or ruler. KHANATES – kingdoms of the Mongols
• Born about 1162 C.E., Temujin rose from a position of
isolation and abuse to one of leadership among the
Mongol tribes. In 1206, at a meeting of the Mongol
chieftains – KURILTAI – he was elected KHAGAN or
supreme ruler.
• He ruled 500,000 Mongols and was overlord of over 1
million nomads of other ethnic groups.
• The Mongol warriors were
expert archers and horsemen
– manning a cavalry that
moved with tremendous
speed. Chinggis Khan
established a special force of
cavalry messengers to connect
him with his empire.
• After consolidation power
among the Mongol tribes –
Temujin – now known as
Chinggis Khan – turned his
attention toward conquering
his southern neighbors – the
Tanguts Western Xia (Xi Xia)
Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty of
the Manchurian Chinese.
• Chinggis Khan believed that the Xi Xia would not
be able to count on the protection of the larger
Jin Dynasty for support if attacked.
• The Mongols attacked Xi Xia and the Jin
Dynasty did fail to support them – the Xi Xia fell
to the Mongols in 1209.
• The Mongols then turned on the Jin Dynasty and
forced the emperor to abandon his capital of
Yanjing (now Beijing).
• 1215 – the Mongols controlled the northern half
of the lands of the Jin Dynasty
Mongol Movement West
• Kuchlug had been Khan of the Naiman until defeated by
Chinggis Khan and brought into the Mongol nation.
• Kuchlug left the Mongols and moved west where he
defeated the khan of Kara Khitai and established
himself as khan.
• Chinggis Khan decided to move against his one time
vassal and the Kara Khitai.
• As the Mongols were tired form years of fighting in
China, Chinggis Khan sent only a small force led by his
general Jebe, known as “The Arrow”
• 1218 – the Mongols had defeated the Kara Khitai
Khanate and set their eyes farther west – at the lucrative
lands of the Khwarezmia.
Kara Khitai Khanate – Chinggis Khan moved
against a Mongol Empire – the Kara Khitai
Mongol attack on the Khwarezmian Empire
• In 1218, Chinggis Khan sent
ambassadors and a 500 man
caravan to establish relations
with the shah of the Muslim
empire of Khwarezmia. Turkic
Muslims.
• Rather than treat the Mongols
as equals, the caravan was
slaughtered at the city of Otrar.
• Chinggis Khan sent special
ambassadors to the
MUHAMMAD SHAH II in order
to explain the situation – the
shah had all but one of the
ambassadors beheaded.
• 200,000 Mongols marched on
the Khwarezmian Empire
• The city of Otrar was taken and the governor who had
attacked the initial caravan was executed by having
molten silver poured into his eyes and ears.
• Mongol numbers, brutality and internal Khwarezmian
problems – all led to the Mongol conquest of the empire
in 1220.
• The Mongols defeated the last Abbasid caliph – 800,000
killed in Baghdad. Muslim historians viewed the
Mongols as one of the great catastrophes in the history
of Islam.
• Stopped moving farther west by BAIBARS – the
commander of the Egyptian forces – Baibars got
cooperation from the Christians in Jerusalem to attack
the Mongols.
Mongol Imperium – capital at KAARAKORUM
• After defeating the Khwarezmia, Chinggis Khan
divided his forces into two large armies
• Chinggis Khan moved his forces into
Afghanistan and northern India – eventually
returning to Mongolia
• The other Mongol forces moved into Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Georgia and defeated the Kievian
Russians.
• The Mongols had established an empire from
Europe to the Pacific – from the Indian Ocean to
Siberia. Conquered territories paid taxes and
tribute to the Mongols.
• 1226 – Chinggis Khan began to move once again
against the Xi Xia and the Jin – who during the Mongol
move west – had allied in an attempt to overthrow
Mongol control as overlords.
• The Xi Xia and the northern Jin again came into line as
Mongol vassals.
• 1227 – Chinggis Khan died and the Mongol empire was
eventually divided among his sons and grandsons.
• The Mongol Empire was united under YASSA – a series
of Mongol laws that directed personal, religious, and
political behavior.
Mongol Empire at Chinggis Khan’s death
1227 – this does not include Mongol
tributaries
Ogedei Khan
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EMPIRE OF THE GREAT KHAN
The third son of Chinggis Khan,
Ogedei continued the expansion of the
Mongol Empire as he inherited the
largest part of his father’s empire. He
was recognized by his brothers and
nephews as the Great Khan – even as
they may have rule over parts of the
empire.
He began the wars against the Jin and
Song Dynasties in China – wars that
eventually brought all of China under
the control of the Mongols.
While he was the Great Khan, attacks
as far west as Poland and Hungary
were made – as well as power
consolidation in Persia.
When news of his 1241 death reached
Mongol warriors nearing Vienna – they
stopped the advancement and
returned to Mongolia
The Golden Horde
• After the death of Chinggis Khan, his lands in
south eastern Russia and Kazakhstan were
given to the sons of his eldest son, who had
recently died.
• Batu – was given the lands known as the Blue
Horde
• Orda – was given the lands known as the White
Horde
• The lands of the Russian steppe were
collectively called the Golden Horde in 1378
when the Blue and White Hordes were ruled by
the same khan
The Golden Horde – Principality of Moscow in light yellow
• 1235 – Batu moved his forces west – attacking the Volga
Bulgarians, the Ukrainian steppes, the Russians, and
defeated the Poles and Hungarians at the Battles of
Legnica and Muhi before returning to Mongolia after the
1241 death of the Great khan Ogedei in order to settle
succession claims
• The lands known as the Golden Horde were ethnically a
mixture of Turkish and Mongol peoples – over time the
Mongols became the warrior upper class while Bulgars,
Tatars, etc became the majority of the population. The
culture became more Turkish than Mongol over time.
Europeans and Russians often referred to the populace
of the Horde as Tatars.
• The khan of the Golden Horde was selected
from descendants of Batu by a ruling council.
• Golden Horde ministers were known as viziers.
• The Golden Horde made tributary states of;
Russia, Armenia, Georgia, the Crimean Greeks,
and the Crimean Goths.
• There is a strong possibility that the Horde and
Russians allied themselves against the
expansion of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.
The death of the Golden Horde
• The power of the Golden Horde was diminished
by internal divisions, attacks from Lithuania, the
warrior Tamerlane/Timur (see Ottoman Empire
PowerPoint), the devastation of the Black death,
and the growth of the tributary states.
• By the 1440s, the Golden Horde was divided
into separate khanates:
– Qasin Khanate, Khanate of Kaza, khanate of
Astrakhan, Kazakh Khanate, Uzbek Khanate, and the
Khanate of Crimea
• The khans had evaluated the rulers of Moscow to the
level of princes in order to divide the Russians (between
Kiev and Moscow) for easier subjugation.
• By 1480, the Muscovite Russians were stronger than
any of the divided khanates and established
independence from the Horde.
• The Russians began a centuries long process of
conquering the khanates and absorbing them into the
Russian Empire.
• The Crimean Khanate was the last influential remnant of
the Horde, as it became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire
in 1475 and received protection from the empire.
• 1783 – Catherine the Great’s forces defeated and
annexed the Crimean Khanate.
Kubilai Khan
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1215-1294
Grandson of Chinggis Khan –
succession battle between him and a
brother led to the end of a united
Mongol Empire
Kubilai established control of the
Chinese lands of the Mongol Empire
and established the YUAN DYNASTY.
His capital was at TATU (Beijing). He
adopted some Confucian and Doaist
ideals – but refused to use the civil
service system. He used a new social
system with Mongols supreme, Asian
nomads and Muslims loyal to the
Mongols second, north Chinese third,
and finally ethnic Chinese. Ethnic
Chinese were allowed to run local
affairs – but the high places of imperial
bureaucracy were off limits.
Chabi
• The power of Mongol
women may be seen in the
life of CHABI – wife of
Kubilai Khan.
• She was one of his most
influential advisors –
promoting Buddhism, tried
to reconcile the ethnic
Chinese to the Mongols,
she stopped a plan to turn
the ancient gardens of the
capital into pasture land for
the Mongol horses.
Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368
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Kubilai Khan claimed rights over
Mongol territories far west – and
used the title khan – but his
descendants did not press such
claims and used the title Emperor
of China
Perhaps initially fearful of loosing
China, in the early days of the
Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols
plundered widely – but recognized
the money found through trade
and encouraged the use of the
Silk Road and the transfer of
Chinese technology west.
It was during his reign that the
Italian Marco Polo visited China.
• The ethnic Chinese never accepted Mongol rule
– most of the scholar/gentry viewed the Mongols
as barbarians who would destroy Chinese
civilization.
• Kubilai Khan also upset centuries of social
structure by advancing the artisan and merchant
classes as he was promoting trade.
Traditionally, the merchant class was viewed as
parasitic.
• The Mongols also developed a powerful navy –
pirates.
• A plan was developed to educate the peasantry.
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Attempts by the Mongol Yuan to integrate with the Han Chinese proved to
be ineffective as they were also trying to maintain a unique Mongol identity.
Weak Yuan emperors and a belief by other Mongols that the Yuan had
become Chinese (something the Han Chinese disputed) led to the downfall
of the dynasty. The dynasty was eventually forced from its capital (Beijing)
by the Ming Dynasty.
Problems for the Yuan included:
– WHITE LOTUS SOCIETY – 1300s – a secret religious sect designed to
overthrow the Mongols
– Song loyalists
– Failure to invade Japan
– Dissolute lifestyle
– Graft and corruption
– High peasant taxes
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Remnants of the Yuan moved north and established a weak Northern Yuan
kingdom – eventually controlled by the Manchu.
• Impact of the Mongol Yuan on China:
– Development of drama, novels and the written
vernacular
– Re-establishment of Confucian government
policies as a way to unite China
– Religious toleration
– Advances in science and the continued
development of the Grand Canal
– Transfer of information and trade with the
west
Mongols/Moghul (in Persian)/Mughal in India
• Babur 1483-1531 – a
descendant of the warrior
Tamerlane/Timur paternally
and Chinggis Khan
maternally.
• Babur represented cultural
diffusion at its best – his
tribe was Mongol, he
embraced Turkic and
Persian culture and was a
Muslim.
• Babur’s conquest of India
established the Mughal
dynasty.
Mughal India
• From Babur to the last
Mughal emperor – who
was exiled after the 1857
Indian Mutiny against the
British (although the
emperor’s rule was
reduced to merely the
area around the city of
Delhi) – the Mughals
brought Islamic and
Persian influences to
India.
• During the rule of Akbar, he attempted to unite
India through a religion that blended Islam,
Zoroastrianism, Jainism and Christianity –
known as Din-i-llahi or Faith of God. This was
rejected by Islamic clerics.
• The Shah/Emperor Jahan is best known for
building the Taj Mahal – the supreme symbol of
Mughal architecture – which blended
Persian/Islamic influences with traditional Indian.
TIMUR
• The last great outburst of
nomadic upheaval in Asia was
from a Turkic leader – Timur-i
Lang.
• Timur the Lame – cultured and
cruel.
• 1360s – from his capital at
Samarkand he moved his
armies against Persia, Fertile
Crescent, India, and Southern
Russia
• Pyramids of skulls
• His death saw the end of the
last challenge by the steppe
nomads.
Timurid Dynasty