Transcript East Asian Empires - Saint Joseph High School

East Asian
Empires
Two Great Dynasties in China
12-2-08
The Sui Dynasty
• After the fall of Han in
220
• China falls into chaos –
300 years
• Reunified by the Sui
dynasty
• Lasted only 2 emperors
• Completed the grand
canal
• Endless labor and
projects turned people
against the Sui
• Final emperor strangeled
The Tang Empire
• Will last for 300 years
• Re-conquered lands
lost since Han fall
• Influence over much
of East Asia - Korea
• Strengthened central
gov’t
Tang Government
• Reintroduced civil service exams
• Opened schools to train gov’t officials
– Confucianism
– Poetry
– Other gov’t exam questions
• Exams open to all – only rich could afford
• Very intelligent gov’t
The Tang Empire
• Expanded roads and canals
• To stabilize economy, lowered taxes and
took lands from wealthy to give to
peasants
• Promoted foreign trade
• Improvements to agriculture
Empress Wu
• Wu Zhao – from 660
SHE wielded real
power in China
• 690 she made herself
Emperor – first and
only woman to hold
title
Fall of Tang
• Mid 700’s weakening
• Re-imposed crushing taxes
• Crushed people & still didn’t meet gov’t
needs
• Famine (remember the dynastic cycle)
Tang fall
•
•
•
•
•
Couldn’t control empire
Attacks from Arab armies in west
Border attacks
Internal rebellions
907 – rebels sack capitol and kill child
emperor
The Song Dynasty
• After fall of Tang – China
divided by warlords
• 960 – reunited under
Song Dynasty
• Also lasted about 300
years
• Smaller empire than
before
• Prosperous, powerful and
stable
Attempts at Peace
• Never regained
western or northern
lands
• Tried to maintain
peace through paying
for it
• Early 1100’s attacked
from north – had to
retreat to southern
China only
Southern Song (1127-1279)
• Rapid economic
growth
• South economic
heartland of China
• Grew rich from trade
with the world
• Had at least 10 cities
with 1,000,000 people
Innovations
• Porcelain
• Mechanical Clock
• Printing (Moveable
type)
• Gunpowder
• Paper money
• Magnetic compass
• Fast ripening rice
Question
•Which innovation
is the greatest to
you?
Status of Women
•
•
•
•
•
•
Women had traditionally been subservient to men
Woman’s work less important
Binding of feet – crushed foot – Lily Foot
Crippled woman
Status symbol – for husband to have useless wife
She didn’t have to work
Bound foot
The Mongol Conquests
12-3-08
Eurasian Steppe
Eurasian Steppe
• Dry grassland from
Hungary to Manchuria
• Home of many
invaders
• Very little rain
• Extreme temperature
changes (-57 – 96)
Steppe
• People living there were pastoralists – following
a seasonal pattern
• They traveled together in groups called clans
(usually descended from common ancestor)
• These nomads engaged in peaceful trade
• Some societies settled – lived in fear of raids
• Nomadic groups would attack and succeed
when towns were weak
Rise of the Mongols
• Out of the Eastern
Steppe comes the
Mongols – united by
Temujin
• He defeated rivals
one by one
• Finally unified he is
given title Genghis
Khan – universal ruler
Conquests
• Over 21 years Genghis led Mongols conquering much of Asia
• First focused on China – taking the northern Jin
• Then turned to Islamic west Mongolia – angered by murder of
Mongol traders
• Campaign of terror against central Asia
• All conquered by 1221
Why so great?
• Well organized armies
–
–
–
–
10,000 man armies
1,000 man brigades
100 man companies
10 man platoons
Why so great?
• Gifted strategist – use
tricks and tactics
• Adopted new
weapons and tech
from enemies
• Extremely cruel his
terror spread fear
• Died in 1227
The Mongol Empire
• His successors continued his conquests
• The Khanates – Genghis’ son Ogadai
takes over
• Under his leadership move into Russia, to
the Adriatic sea, completed invasion of
Northern China and moved into Korea
• Ogadai died and all leaders called back to
elect new leader
Khanates
•
•
•
•
•
By 1260 empire divided into 4 Khanates
Khanate of the Great Khan (China and Mongolia)
Khanate of Chagatai (central Asia)
Ilkhanate (Persia)
Khanate of Golden Horde (Russia)
Peace
• Mid 1200’s to Mid 1300’s relative peace
and stability
• Trade flourished due to Mongol protection
• So did disease (plague)
Kublai Khan
• Grandson of Genghis
• Made Great Khan conquered all of China by
1279
• The first foreign invader to take China
Yuan Dynasty
• Kublai Khan makes self
emperor Yuan dynasty
• Lasted less than a
century
• Important period – united
all of China
• China opened to greater
foreign trade
• Tolerated Chinese culture
and made very few
changes to government
Kublai Khan
• Spent almost entire life in China
• Did not hate civilization – enjoyed living
luxurious lifestyle
• Maintained summer palace
• Built capital in Beijing
Conquer Japan
•
•
•
•
•
Tried twice to extend rule into Japan
Huge fleets attacked
Used Korea to help – almost ruined Korea
Second attack 150,000 troops invade
Japanese troops held attackers to
standstill
• Divine wind – kamikaze (saved Japan)
Government
• Mongols ruled China but remained
separate
• Chinese kept out of high offices… but
allowed to serve at local level
• Many positions given to foreigners –
Muslims and Christians
• Extended grand canal – and built a paved
road next to it
Trade
• Kublai encourages trade
• Invited foreign merchants
• Silk roads took Chinese silk and porcelain
to Europe
• Other Chinese inventions went west as
well
Marco Polo
• Venetian trader
• Served the Chinese
gov’t
• Told of great stories
and adventures
• Collected all in a book
• Believed China
greatest civilization in
the world
End of Mongols
• Near end of Kublai reign empire began to
crack
• Needless wars
• Extreme luxuries
• Kublai died in 1294
• Overthrown by Ming dynasty 1368
• Mongol empire starts to fall apart by 1330s
• 1480 the end of the Mongols
Effects of Mongols
•
•
•
•
Many people killed
Cities and their supports destroyed
Valleys ravaged
Over time Mongols adopted traits of
vanquished
• Ilkhans and Golden Horde became Muslim
• Empire is split
Japan & Korea
12-11-08
Japan
• “Japan” comes from
Chinese “ri ben”
meaning origin of the
sun
• Japan borrows from
Chinese people
• 4,000 Islands
• From Canada to
northern Florida
Geography
• Advantages
– Mild Climate
– Plenty of Rainfall
– Island is good for
protection
• Disadvantages
– Mountainous leaves
little room for farming
– No natural resources
• Coal
• Oil
• Iron
– Late summer typhoons
occur
– Earthquakes
– Tidal waves
Japanese Religion
• Shinto – way of the gods
• No rules or philosophy
• Based on respect for
forces of nature
• Worship of ancestors
• Any beautiful or unusual
tree, rock or waterfall
contained kami (divine
spirits that dwell in
nature)
Yamato Emperors
• By 7th Century Yamato clan became
leading clan
• Claimed to be from the sun goddess
Amaterasu
• Never overthrown – when a clan would
lose power it would rule in the emperors
name
Adapting to Chinese Customs and
Ideas
• Mid 700’s Buddhism become an official
religion
• Did not give up Shinto beliefs – Buddhist
rituals became Shinto, temples were used
by both
• Adopted Chinese system of writing
• Art mimicked Chinese art
• Everyday things – Drinking tea, cooking
gardening hairdressing
Government
• Even tried to model government on China
• Introduced a strong central gov’t
• Tried to introduce exam system for gov’t
jobs
• Failed to take hold
• Instead Noble birth remained central to
Japan gov’t
Heian Japan
• 794 the Capital moved to
Heian from Nara
• Many noble families
moved also
• Nobles would fill days
with ritual and art
• Etiquette important – no
loud laughter or
mismatched clothing
(women dyed clothes to
match seasons)
• Everyone at court was
expected to write poetry
or paint
Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority
• Heian central gov’t was
very strong
• Eventually challenged by
great landowners
• Fujiwara family very
powerful (eventually more
concerned with luxury
and art than governing)
• Landowners living away
from capital set up private
armies
Decline
• Countryside became lawless
• Armed soldiers on horses preyed on
farmers
• Pirates ruled seas
• Farmers would exchange land for
protection from local warlords
Samurai
• Each warlord surrounded
himself with bodyguards
• Lived by a code of
behavior (Bushido)
–
–
–
–
Reckless courage
Reverence for the gods
Fairness
Generosity towards those
weaker than himself
– Dying an honorable death
more important than long
life
Shogunate
• For 30 years in the
late 1100’s two most
powerful families in
Japan fought for
power
• Emperor gives title of
Shogun to man
named Yoritomo
• Kamakura shogunate
Shogunate
• Emperor still ruled from Kyoto (Heian rebuilt
after war)
• Real power was at the hands of Shogun
• This lasted for centuries
• Local warlords loyal to Shogun would have
incredible power
• Kamakura Shoguns held off invasions of Kublai
Khan
• But after wars – too expensive – they were
unable to pay samurai
• Local warlords once again in power
Southeast Asia
Geography of SE Asia
• Between the Indian and
Pacific Oceans
• Islands almost all the way
to Australia
• Never been united
• Rivers flow south through
here
• Mountains in the area
keep people isolated
• Key to control is trade
routes
• Influenced by China and
India
Kingdoms and Empires
• Khmer Empire: located in Cambodia main
power in SE Asia
– Improved rice cultivation
– Irrigation and waterways
– Built complex capital
• Island trading kingdoms
– Sailendra and Srivijaya ruled islands south of
Mainland
– Taxed trade and navigation
Kingdoms and Empires
• Vietnam
– Influenced by primarily
China
– Remained under
China control for
almost 1000 years
– Built own capital at
Hanoi in 1000’s
– Three time attacked by
Mongols – but each
time forced them to
withdraw
Korea
Korea History
• Clans controlled different parts of country
• Han Empire conquered much of Korea
• During this time Clans united into 3
kingdoms
• Silla – mid 600’s – defeated other
kingdoms
• Became Buddhist country
• Created a phonetic alphabet using
Chinese characters
Koryu Dynasty
• 935 a rebel officer named Wang Kon gained
control of Korea
• Created Koryu Dynasty (935-1392)
• Modeled government after China
• Wealthy nobles built a huge power base
• Rebellions in 1100s
• Mongols occupy in 1231-1350
• After Mongols removed revolts lead to end of
Koryu
• New Dynasty Choson (or Yi) would rule for 518
years
Koryu Culture
• Created pottery –
milky green glaze
• Wrote poetry and
history
• Korean printers
printed entire cannon
of Buddhist scriptures
• 81,000 blocks still
remain today
THE END
THIS IS THE END
st
OF THE 1
SEMESTER!!!!