Transcript LATER DYNASTIES OF CHINA

Warm Up Age of Exploration
1.
2.
3.
4.
Conquistador:
Defeated Aztecs:
Defeated Incas:
global transfer that happened when large-scale
contact between European and American societies:
5. The Triangular Trade is a pattern of trade among
what three areas?
6. What is the journey of slaves from Africa to the
Americas called?
7. List the consequences of the slave trade:
• After the fall of the Han Dynasty, military leaders split
China into rival kingdoms, which led to a period of
warfare called the Period of Disunion
– Lasted for more than 350 years and ended when a
northern ruler named Wendi reunified China and
founded the Sui dynasty
Tang Dynasty 618 to 907
• A Sui general seized power and founded the Tang
dynasty, which was a period of prosperity and cultural
achievement
– Tang rulers began by instituting reforms, such as
giving land to peasants, and restoring the civil service
exam
– China also expanded, regaining lands in Central Asia,
along with gaining influence over Korea
– Many early Tang rulers were Buddhists, although
Buddhism lost official favor later on
– Trade revived and the Silk Road once again prospered
– Wu Zhao – first and only female emperor
• Inventions
– Invented gunpowder – used mostly for fireworks
• Fire-lance: weapon that shot out flame and
projectiles up to 40 yards
– Perfected the magnetic compass
• Sailors could more accurately determine direction
and navigate
– Developed woodblock printing
• Books could be mass produced
• Gov’t corruption, high taxes, nomadic invasions, and
peasant rebellions all led to the decline of the Tang
dynasty
– A powerful general killed the emperor, ending the
dynasty
Song Dynasty 960 to 1279
• After the Tang, China once again split apart until it was
reunified under the Song Dynasty
– Under the Song, Chinese civilization became the
most advanced in the world
• Enlarged the gov’t bureaucracy and reformed the civil
service exam
– Exams tested students’ knowledge of Confucianism
– Those who passed the exam became scholar-officials,
the elite educated members of the gov’t
• The exams were a pathway to gain wealth and
status
– Scholar-gentry = landed aristocrats who produced
most of the candidates for the civil service exam –
political and economic elite of China
• Invasions by northern tribes forced the Song to move
the imperial court farther south, but eventually they
were conquered by the Mongols, leading to foreign rule
in China
The Mongols
• The Mongols were nomadic people who were fierce
warriors and skilled horsemen
• Nomads depended on scarce water sources and
pastures
• Conflict occurs because of scarcity of resources
• Social Hierarchy
– Were divided into separate clans, each ruled by a
khan, or chief
– Women often negotiated alliances between khans
– Women were in charge of the selection of a successor
often a relative would be secured
• Religion
– Mongol’s were religiously accepting
– Mongol khans were thought to represent the Sky
god and were seen as universal rulers
– One khan united the Mongol clans
• He took the title Genghis Khan, which means
“universal ruler”
• Genghis Khan organized the Mongols into a
powerful military machine and his armies were
highly mobile and could strike quickly
– Used brutality and psychological warfare
– Many people surrendered without a fight
• With his armies, Genghis Khan created the largest land
empire in history, controlling much of the Eurasian
landmass, most of north China
– On his death, his empire was divided into four parts
and given to his heirs
– His grandson in 1265, Kublai Khan, completed the
conquest of China
Kublai Khan
Ming Dynasty 1368 to 1644
• A peasant and his rebel army overthrew Mongol ruled
and established a new dynasty, taking the title Emperor
Hongwu
– Hongwu reduced taxes and passed reforms to
improve agriculture and trade
– He also greatly expanded his powers as emperor,
taking over more control of the gov’t
• Ming emperors were more powerful than
previous emperors
• Ming rulers gained control of Korea, Mongolia, and
parts of Asia
• The Ming capital was established at Beijing
– In the center the vast Imperial City was built, also
known as the Forbidden City
• One Ming ruler sponsored overseas voyages
– Chinese admiral Zheng He led seven voyages that
explored Southeast Asia, India, the Arabian
Peninsula, and the east coast of Africa
– Zheng He traveled with 300 ships
• Made contact with the first Europeans since Marco
Polo, the Portuguese
– Restricted foreign trade to a few ports
– Ming disliked the influence of Europeans, especially
the missionaries – wanted to preserve China’s
traditions
Marco Polo
Marco Polo’s Route
Marco Polo
• probably the most famous Westerner traveled
on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other
travelers in his determination, his writing, and
his influence. His journey through Asia lasted
24 years. He reached further than any of his
predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He
became a confidant of Kublai Khan (12141294). He traveled the whole of China and
returned to tell the tale, which became the
greatest travelogue.
Marco Polo
• Marco, a gifted linguist and master of four languages,
became a favorite with the khan and was appointed
to high posts in his administration. He served at the
Khan's court and was sent on a number of special
missions in China, Burma and India. Many places
which Marco saw were not seen again by Europeans
until last century. Marco went on great length to
describe Kublia's capital, ceremonies, hunting and
public assistance, and they were all to be found on a
much smaller scale in Europe.
• Trade Routes of the
Mongols
– Under the Mongols
technology, scientific
knowledge, and goods
were traded throughout
Europe, Middle East,
China, and Japan
• Plagues of the Mongols
– Bubonic plague spread
through the trade routes
into China and
throughout Europe
– The Ming emperors decided to isolate China from
the outside world
• The main artistic achievement was the porcelain Ming
vases
• Decline due to weak rulers, corruption, and high taxes,
which all leads to a peasant revolt
– The Manchus, a group of people who live in
Manchuria, invade and conquer the peasant revolt
– The last Ming emperor commits suicide and the
Manchus establish a dynasty
Qing Dynasty 1644 to 1911
• The Manchus established the Qing dynasty, which would
be the last dynasty of China
• The Manchus adopted the Chinese political system and
shared power with them
– Showed respect for Chinese customs and maintained
Confucian traditions
– Remained separate from the Chinese and placed
restrictions on them
• In order to better identify rebels, the Qing gov’t ordered
all men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyles
– Men had to adopt the queue = hair style in which the
front is shaved with a braid or ponytail in the back
• Missionaries were allowed to enter China
– Qing emperors entertained Jesuit priests to learn
about European intellectual advances
• Foreign relations
– Conquered Taiwan and Tibet
– The Dutch began a thriving trade in Chinese goods
• Had to accept China’s terms
• The Qing dynasty would eventually fall to rebellion in
1911, mostly due to increasing Western influence and
the efforts of European imperialism in the 1800s
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qy60cJciN
HQ
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3hqKDH
zYWc&feature=related