Transcript Mongol Empire

Mongol Empire
Objectives
The student will
demonstrate knowledge of
civilizations and empires
of the Eastern
Hemisphere and their
interactions through
regional trade patterns by:
– Locating major trade routes
– Identifying technological
advances and transfers
Questions
– What were the major trading
routes in the Eastern
Hemisphere from 1000 to
1500 C.E.
– How did trade facilitate the
diffusion of goods and ideas
among different cultures?
Building the Mongol Empire
Nomads of the Asian Steppe
– Steppe- dry grassland
Can have extreme temperature
– Two steppes
Western Steppe extends from
Eastern Europe to Central Asia
Eastern Steppe covers
present-day Mongolia
– Boundaries constantly shift
– Nomads who lived in the
steppe mainly practiced
pastoralism
Constantly on the move
Skilled on horseback
– Traveled together in kinship
groups called clans
Mongols
– Nomads
Grazed horses and sheep
on steppes
– from the Eastern steppe
– Characteristics
Tough skilled warriors
Skilled horseman
Clans often fought each
other for power
Genghis Khan
Born Temujin in
1160s C.E.
1200s C.E. unifies the
clans under his
leadership
– Defeats rivals
1206 C.E.Takes
name Genghis Khan
or “Universal
Emperor”
Rise of Genghis
Military conquests
– First goal: China
Invaded in 1215 C.E.
– Second goal: the Islamic region
in Mongolia
Conquered by 1221 C.E.
Characteristics of success
– Brilliant organizer
Imposed strict military discipline
Had highly trained mobile army
– Gifted strategist
– Adopted new weapons and
technologies used by enemies
– Used cruelty as a weapon
Genghis Khan died in 1227
C.E.
– Successors would continue
to expand empire
– Son Ogadi became the
“Great Khan”
Conquests
Genghis Khan’s ancestors
continued his conquest of
China
– Dominated Asia for 150 years
– Spread from Russia to Europe
Almost reached Western Europe
After Ogadai’s death in
1241 C.E. the empire was
split into four khanates
– Khanate of the Great Khan
Mongolia and China
– Khanate of Chagatai
Central Asia
– The Ilkhanate
Persia
– Khanate of the Golden Horde
Russia
Conquerors
– Wiped out entire
populations of cities
Destroyed ancient irrigation
systems in Mesopotamia
– Not oppressive rulers
Only had to pay tribute
– Began to adopt customs
of the cultures they ruled
Mongol Peace
Period called Pax
Mongolica
– From mid -1200s to mid1300s
Mongols protected the
silk road
– Set stage for economic
growth
– Increased foods, tools,
inventions, and ideas
flourished along trade
routes
From China
–
–
–
–
Windmills
Gunpowder
Papermaking
Bubonic plague?
To China
– From Middle East
Crops
Trees
China under the Mongols
Genghis’ grandson Kublai
Khan conquered south
China, the Song Dynasty, in
1279
– Called it the Yuan Dynasty
– Kublai Khan ruled all of China,
Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam from
the capital in Khanbaliq (
Beiijing)
Yuan Dynasty (1279.- 1368 C.E.)
– Important period for Chinese
history
– United China for the 1st time in
300 years
– Control imposed by Mongols
brought cultural diffusion to
China
– Tolerated Chinese government
and made few changes
Japan
– Tried to conquer in 1274 and
1281 C.E.
2nd attempt was largest seaborne
invasion until D-Day during WWII
Mongol Rule in China
Mongol Rule
– Mongols kept separate identity
Lived apart from Chinese
– Obeyed different laws
Mongols occupied higher
positions in government
– Achievements
restored the Grand Canal
– extended it 135 miles to
Beijing
Paved a highways over 1,100
miles
Ensured steady supply of grain
and goods from South
Foreign Trade
– Kublai Khan encouraged
foreign trade
– Mongol peace provided safe
caravan routes
Greatly improved trade
– Invited foreign merchants to
visit China
Mainly Muslims from India, Central
Asia, and Persia
Christians also reached China
Marco Polo
Most famous European to
visit China
– Arrived around 1275 C.E.
Spent 17 years in China
working for Kublai Khan
– Sent on government missions
Wrote vivid account of wealth
and splendor of China
– Described mail system
– Described city of Hangzhou
Astonished Europeans with
stories of rich Asia
– Most didn’t believe stories
Fall of the Mongols
Mongol armies advanced into
Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and
Japan
– Conquered Vietnam
Fell victim to too many
conquests, corruption at
court, and growing internal
instability
Kublai Khan died in 1294
C.E.
– Mongol rule weakened after
– Rebellions broke out
1368 C.E. rebels overthrew
the Mongols
Decline of the Mongol
Empire
– By the end of the Yuan
dynasty, the Mongol empire
had disentigrated
– Lost Persia in 1330s C.E.
– Lost Central Asia in 1370s C.E.
– Only retained power in Russia
until 1480 C.E.
Objectives
The student will
demonstrate knowledge of
civilizations and empires
of the Eastern
Hemisphere and their
interactions through
regional trade patterns by:
– Locating major trade routes
– Identifying technological
advances and transfers
Questions
– What were the major trading
routes in the Eastern
Hemisphere from 1000 to
1500 C.E.
– How did trade facilitate the
diffusion of goods and ideas
among different cultures?