Transcript Early 20th century revolution:china (1911

EARLY 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTION: CHINA
(1911-1949)
Emily DiMarco
Michelle Bai
WHAP Pd. 4
WHY 1911 – 1949?
The Manchu Dynasty was finally overthrown in 1911.
The Chinese Revolution continued until 1949 because China remained
unstable and went through many political evolutions due to unsatisfied
Chinese peoples.
The Chinese Revolution ended in 1949 because 1949 Mao’s Red Army
took over
China and created a more stable government.
CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
1. Foreign intervention: The intervention of the West, especially Britain
caused significant resentment amongst the Chinese because of their trading
restrictions and their intrusions brought by the loss of the Opium Wars.
2. The lack of governmental action and unsuccessful reforms (abolishing
the civil service exams) to help resolve this crisis caused Chinese to become
disgruntled with the weak leadership under the Manchu Dynasty.
3. Increased corruption caused a significant loss of money for the Manchu
dynasty. The government attempted to fix this by instating new, harsh taxes
on their subjects, sparking revolts and leading people to find ways to avoid
paying.
STAGE 1: 1911
1911: Manchu Dynasty is overthrown and collapses.
It collapsed due to unsuccessful reforms, weak governmental rulers, and citizen
revolts.
Sun Yat-sen came to power as a president and established a new government with
three principles: Nationalism, Democracy, and Peoples’ Livelihood.
Yat-sen aimed to establish a republic based on European democracy and equality
in hopes to modernize China.
Yat-sen also established the KMT in 1912, which was the Chinese Nationalist Party.
STAGE 2: 1916
Beginning in 1916-1926: Warlord Decade
Military zones were set up with a military leader governing and, sometimes,
terrorizing their zone.
Oppression of the lower class (peasants) grew and the amount of land they owned
decreased.
Caused rapid distribution of Western political, social, and artistic ideas in urban
centers.
STAGE 3: 1919
May 4th, 1919: May 4th Movement
After WWI, the Treaty of Versailles
was signed by the Allied powers,
acknowledging Japanese territorial
claims in China, which angered the
Chinese who refused to sign the Treaty.
Due to this, about 5,000 students from
Peking University crowded the streets
to demonstrate against the Versailles
Treaty, leading to the May 4th
Movement.
Became a National Movement in China;
Protestors believed that Confucianism
and imperialism were old-fashioned
and China needed to be modernized.
STAGE 4: 1921
1921: Chinese Communist Party was formed by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao. Mao
Zedong was an early member.
Born out of ideas of Marxism. The CCP argued that capitalism sponsored
aggression between people and countries.
Peasantry supported Marxism  increase their status and standard of living.
Mao Zedong soon became the leader of the CCP and adopted the ideas of Lenin
(who staged a revolution in Russia). He also created a communist army.
STAGE 5: 1923
1923: “The First United Front”  The KMT and CCP form an
alliance.
Joined together in attempts to end Warlords’ power. Tried to
Spread Communism together through the formation of the National
Revolutionary Army.
This leads to Lenin sending supplies and resources for allowing
the CCP to join the KMT.
STAGE 6: 1927
1927: The KMT purge the CCP out
of fear
After a combined successful defeat
of the warlords the KMT decide to
split from the CCP and “purge”
them.
Execution of CCP members and
followers ensues and many go into
hiding.
Chiang Kai-shek consolidates
power within KMT.
STAGE 7: 1928
1928: Chiang Kai-shek emerges as the
President of China
This is because his “Northern Expedition”
finally succeeded in removing the CCP
from the government and rose to power.
He rejected Western ideas and
democracy and instead promoted
conservative, traditional Chinese
Culture.
STAGE 8: 1928- 1937
1928- 1937: “Nanjing Decade”  Chiang Kai-shek establishes
the Nationalist Republic of China; moves the capital to Nanjing.
The United States and Britain officially recognize the Republic
KMT's "New Life" movement combines Confucian and Fascist ideas.
However, the government becomes corrupt and harsh; dictatorlike.
The KMT ignored the peasants and their quality of life remains
stagnant unlike Mao, who fought for them.
STAGE 9: 1934
1934-1935: The Long March
The nationalists imposed a blockade
on the Communists and Mao Zedong
decided to evacuate the area and
establish a new stronghold in northwest
China.
Around 100,000 men headed west
through mountainous areas and
experienced terrible hardships along
the journey.
An estimated 30,000 survived due to
the terrible conditions and harsh
mountainous terrain.
STAGE 10: 1949
1949: Era of Communism begins
Mao Zedung’s Red Army takes over
China’s major cities and assumes
control over entire country after
successfully defeating the KMT in the
Chinese Civil War (1946-1949).
Mao creates a more stable Chinese
government, ending the revolution.
The opposition, Chiang Kai-shek
and KMT, escape to Taiwan.
SUN YAT SEN
 Headed the Revolutionary Alliance,
which toppled the Qing Dynasty
Claimed mandate to rule China
 Founder and first president of the
Republic of China
Abdicated power in 1912 to Yuan
Head of Nationalist Party from 1911
to 1925
YUAN SHIKAI
 Warlord after fall of Qing Dynasty
 Hoped to seize vacated Manchu throne
and rule a new dynasty
 Became President in 1912 with the goal
to unify China under a single government in
Beijing
 Resigned in 1916 in the face of
Japanese invasion because refused to
accept or reject the Japanese’s Twenty-One
Demands
 Allowed rival, who was hostile to
Japan, to gain support
LI DAZHAO
 Most influential thinker who called for
modification of Marxism to suit China
 Saw the peasants as the vanguard for
revolutionary change, different from
Lenin’s view
Justified this view from the orthodox
Marxist emphasis on working class by
saying that China was proletarian
Influenced Mao Zedong greatly
CHIANG KAI-SHEK
 First head of the Whampoa Military
Academy
 Not pleased by communist alliance
Seized control of Nationalist Party (KMT)
in 1925, after Sun’s death
 Rejected Western ideals and wanted to
preserve traditional Chinese culture.
 Recognized as new president of China
after campaigns that captured Shanghai
and Beijing
 Fled to Taiwan when Beijing was seized
in 1949
MAO ZE DONG
 Influenced by Li Dazhao, shared modified
Marxism ideology
Communist leader in revolutionary China,
Advocated authoritarian state, extensive
government intervention
 Fought against Guomingdang (KMT) and
spearheaded a Long March to escape Hunan
Gains control of China in 1949
RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION
 Ideals of the revolution definitely changed as the leaders changed.
Sun-Yat sen  Yuan Shikai  Chiang kai-shek  Mao Zedong
At first, democratic ideals modeled from Western Europe. Then switched to
communism.
 China was unified under one government by 1949.
Probably the only prominent goal that was achieved. Many of Sun’s
democratic aspirations were abandoned.
 Lower classes—specifically peasant class—gained the most. The wealthy and
upper middle class lost.
Democratic ideas were not ideal in a society whose majority was a starving,
destitute peasant class. Thus, Mao championed reforms and policies that
implemented great government intervention in industry and welfare.
RESULTS OF THE REVOLUTION
 Ideas that once dictated the Ancien Regime were abandoned completely.
May Fourth Movement  new youth opposition against elders, promotion of
Western ideals and almost transformed China into a liberal democracy
Recognized that these of Confucian principles prevented Chinese society from
improving and modernizing
WORKS CITED
“1911 Special: The First Chinese Revolution.” Proletarian Online. Communist Party of Great
Britain (Marxist-Leninist), Oct. 2011. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
Chinese Revoltuion of 1911-49 PPT. WHAP Homepage. n.p, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
“The Chinese Revolution of 1949.” U.S. Department of State: Office of the Historian. United
States Department of State, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
“Fall of Qing.” China’s 1911 Revolution: A Centenary Retrospective. George Washington
University, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.
“People’s Republic of China at 60: 1925-1949 – Origins of the Chinese Revolution.” LINKS:
International Journal of Socialist Renewal. LINKS, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
WORKS CITED
“Republic of China (1911-1949).” Cultural Essentials. UCLA, n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
“Sun Yat-sen: Fundamentals of National Reconstruction.” Chinese Cultural Studies. City
University of New York at Brooklyn, n.d. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.
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