Transcript AP World History Chapter 2

AP World History
Chapter 2
Classical Civilization China
Zhou dynasty
• Revolt so fierce that the
blood in the streets of
the capital was deep
enough to float blocks of
wood.
Zhou Mandate of Heaven
• Mandate of heaven
– Government receives it right to govern by heaven approval.
– The responsibility of people to overthrow governments when
ruler loses the approval of the Gods.
– Governments lose approval if they are unjust and ineffective.
Zhou dynasty:1100-750 B.C.
• Zhou (Pronounced like “Joe”)
• Zhou acquired most of the Shang Culture and Technology
• Last Shang King was said to be a physical giant and monster of
depravity among his cruelties was that he made drinking cups of the
skulls of his vanquished enemies.
• Slaves and Zhou vassals revolted against Shang cruelties. (1050 B.C.)
Heaven Commands Me
• The Justification of the political change of these tough
frontiersman barbarian was that the iniquity of Shang is full
“Heaven commands me to destroy it.”
Zhou Economic Growth
• Iron tools like axes and ox drawn iron plows replaced wooden farm
tools.
– Made farming better because farmers could produce more food.
• First time coin money began to be used.
– Made trade better because a merchant could carry money a lot easier then a
herd of cows.
Zhou Political System
• Political system like feudal Europe
– Serfdom and Hereditary Lords
• Land is endowed for oaths of military service.
– Local Lords were culturally and linguistically different.
Zhou Destruction
• 771 Wei Valley capital of Zhou is sacked
– Vassals become rival states.
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Qui in the west
Jin in the north
Yan to north east
Chu to the south
Qi to east
– No dominant Chinese culture or National identity
Class Divisions
• A Sharp class division existed between the
landowning aristocracy, educated bureaucrats
and laboring masses.
Warring States 400-225 B.C.E
Chaos and War
• War becomes larger in
scale and more ruthless
• Stronger states
conquered and
absorbed weaker ones.
• In response to crisis
schools of thought were
introduced
– Confucianism
– Daoism
– Legalism
Confucianism
• Confucianism
– People could live together peacefully by recognizing
their roles in networks of relationships
– The family is an example of how relationships linked
people together.
Five Great Relationships
• Confucianism
– The five great relationships are those between
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Ruler and subject
Father and son
Husband and wife
Elder and younger brother
Friend and friend
Confucianism and Government
• Confucianism
– Each of the five involved both hierarchy and reciprocity.
– In each pair, one role was superior and one, inferior; one role led
and the other followed.
– Yet each involved mutual obligations and responsibilities.
– Failure to properly fulfill one’s role could lead to the abrogation of
the relationship
Effects of Confucianism
• Confucianism
– People not fulfilling their
roles undermined Zhou
regime.
– People should engage in
learning both to develop
his personal moral
character and to gain
knowledge that is useful
in serving others.
Daoism
• Goal was to live in harmony
with nature.
• Rejection of conflict and
strife.
– Stressed yielding.
– Water does not resist
but yields.
• Government the cause of
many problems.
• Eventually turned into a
religion.
Legalism
• Legalism was
introduced by the Qin
to gain power and
Stability.
• Rewards and
Punishments to
produce conformity to
the rule of clear and
well developed laws.
Legalism (Continued)
• Laws were strict, everyone understood their duties and
knew the penalties for failing to fulfill them.
• Some believed human nature was essentially blank and
that people needed careful guidance by strong rulers to live
in an orderly way.
Qin Dynasty: 221-206 B.C.
• Qin with legalism as its ideology succeeded in
ending the Warring states era.
• Qin defeated all it rivals to unite China
• 221 Chu kingdom fell and the King of Qin took the
title of Qin shihuangdi or first Emperor.
Qin Economics
• Qin laid the basis for an enduring imperial order.
• Created unified Administrative system
– Standardized
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Weight & measures system
Cart axle width
Coinage
Writing
Qin, Construction
• Standardize people’s thoughts
– Buried hundreds of scholars alive
– Burned books and scholars to eliminate unorthodox ideas.
• Imposed Taxes.
• Massive Terracotta tomb.
Qin,Great Wall
• Great wall of China
– Protected north steppe boarder
– Reportedly 1 million died in the building of the wall
Classical Age China
Han Dynasty 202 B.C to 220 A.D
• Traded with
Rome and Indian
Empires.
• Excepted
Confucianism
and the Han
Dynasty was less
cruel.
Han, Sciences
• History records begin to
be kept.
– History of the elite.
• Math, Science,
Geography, and
Astronomy.
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Sternpost Ruder.
Magnetic Compass.
Paper from wood pulp.
5th century wood block
printing.
Han, Medicine
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Acupuncture.
Figured out the function of internal organs.
Figured out the circulation of blood.
Metallic and Ceramic luxury items.
Han, Art
• Silk manufacturing.
• Bronze, Jade, and
Ceramics used for art.
• Poetry.
• Landscape art.
• Instrumental music.
Han, Economics
• Canals Built.
• Road System.
• Markets.
– Scales.
• Iron.
– Plows, Horse harnesses
increase horse power.
• Fertilizer.
– Animal wastes.
Han, Government
• Functioned through complex Bureaucracy.
• Confucius Ideas.
• Tests to be in Bureaucracy.
– Meritocracy, the best regardless of social class.
Han, Foreign Affairs
• Groups that were assimilated
by China.
– White Huns.
– Toba.
• Developed trade contacts
with India.
– Trade Commission sent to
Rome.
– Nothing of interest in Rome.
• Diffusion of Buddhism.
Han, Problems
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Peasant Rebellions.
Disloyal Bureaucracy.
Over Taxation.
Warlords gained more
power.