Transcript Chapter 7: India and China

Unit 2: Chapter 7
India and China
India: A Tale of 2 Empires
• Mauryan Empire 321- 232 BC
– Chandragupta 321-301BCE
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Created the 1st empire
Raised huge army, huge taxes
Created bureaucracy
Kautilya
Chandragupta
– Rulers handbook
– Asoka 269 BC – 232 BCE
• Grandson
Kautilya
• Why Buddhism? Battle at Kalinga
– Nonviolence, issued edicts, religious toleration, fairness
• Built roads
– Did what for travelers?
– 500 years of chaos after Mauryan Empire
Asoka
India: A Tale of 2 Empires
• Gupta Empire 320 – 535 AD
– 2nd empire
– First empire with good
information about life in
India
• Farmers, merchants.
• Taxes, irrigation
• Patriarchal in North,
Matriarchal in South
• Expansion created
trade routes
Using the map, what are
the key differences
between the Mauryan
Empires and the Gupta
Empires?
Why did neither empire
spread north east?
Achievements of Indian Culture
Poetry
Drama/
Dance
Astronomy
Indian
Culture
Medicine
Math
Many of the foundations of
Indian and western culture are
created during the Mauryan
and Gupta Empires
Achievements
• Astronomy
– Knowledge increased on
trading ships
– Used stars
– Kept time – Greeks
• Calendar based on sun
• 7-day week divided into
hours
– 1st to prove earth round –
lunar eclipse
• Mathematics
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Most advanced
Created modern numbers
Zero
Decimal system
Value of pi
Length of solar year (365)
• Medicine
– 2 medical guides – 1,000 diseases, 500 medicinal plants
– Surgery – plastic surgery
Gupta
Art
Greatly influenced
Southeast Asian art & architecture.
The Spread of Indian Trade
What did Indians realize once they heard about the Silk Roads?
Extensive Trade
* That they could
become the
“middlemen & make
a lot of money
* Set up trading
stations
spices
gold & ivory
Money, Money, Money, and
Influence
• Overland Trade
– Access to the Silk Road
– Ideal placement between
Rome and China
– Middlemen = Big Profits
• Sea Trade
– Traded between China,
Arabia, Africa, and SE Asia
– Spices, ivory, silk, gold,
horses, rice, wheat
• Effect of trade
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Banking system & Loans
Indian culture spread
Religion spread
Increased wealth for Indian
empires
How did Silk Road impact people’s lives?
1. Economic Impact – created jobs
2. Religious Impact – spread Buddhism &
other religions
3. Disease – some communities wiped out
by diseases, plague
Hinduism and Buddhism Change
• As Buddhism spreads, it mixes
with other religions and begins
to split
• Becomes popular as people
believe they can become
Buddhas & achieve nirvana, or
salvation, through good works,
sacrifice
• Hinduism began to unite its
many gods into one main
universal force, with several
forces (gods)
– Brahma: Creator
– Vishnu: Preserver
– Shiva: Destroyer
The Decline of the Guptas
 Invasion
of the Huns in the 4 AD signaled
the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though
at first, the Guptas defeated them
 After the decline of the Gupta empire, north
India broke into a number of separate Hindu
kingdoms and was not really unified again until
the coming of the Muslims in 7 AD
Han Dynasty in China
• Han Dynasty is formed (200 BC220 AD)
– Formed after years of civil war
• Winner was Liu Bang
• Formed a centralized government
where the emperor ran the whole
country
• Brought peace & stability – for awhile
– Lower taxes, lighter punishments
– Later Emperors expanded the
empire through warfare, both north
to Korea, and South to Vietnam
Han Dynasty Structure
• Mandate of Heaven – Emperor semidivine
– The idea that if the gods favored the ruler, life
in China would be good. Displease the gods,
the dynasty would fall – earthquakes, floods
– People followed emperor’s rule because they
believed emperor was link between heaven
and earth: semi-divine
Bureaucracy & Civil Service
• Bureaucracy
– The most developed of its time
– Run the empire, army, collect taxes
– Peasants gave labor – roads, canals, irrigation
• Civil Service – 130,000 people
– Had to take a test, and score well, merit
– Confucian ideals at heart of government
• Respect, Generosity, Truthfulness, Diligence, Kindness
• Very stable; stayed in place until 1912!
Technology, Commerce,
Culture
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Paper – books spread education
Harness - pull heavier loads
Farming – two bladed plow. wheelbarrow
Water mills – grain
Government controlled industries (monopoly)
– Salt mines, Iron forging, Coins, Silk
• Assimilated people into Chinese culture
– Books, education, intermarriage,
End of the Han Dynasty
• Dynasty falls when the gap between the
rich and poor becomes too great
• Flooding causes starvation
• Riots and revolutions
• Invasions and civil war
• Later Han Dynasty experiences same
• Dynasty ends around 220 AD
Chapter 15
Africa
Just how
big is
Africa?
Africa is
HUGE!
Geography
• Africa is diverse
– Sahara and Kalahari
Deserts
– Sahel – southern
edge of the Sahara
– Savanna - grassland
– Rainforest
– Glacier!
West African Kingdoms
• Ghana
– Started because of
the salt/gold trade
– By 800 AD, Ghana
is an empire
• Large army, taxes,
bureaucracy
• King controlled the
salt and gold supply
– Islam spread to
Ghana through
trade
• First to traders and
upper class
– Conquered in 1076
by invaders from
the north, and never
recovered
Mali
• Started in 1275, east of
Ghana
• First emperor was
Sundiata
– Military leader, popular
for overthrowing a tyrant
– Bureaucracy was
efficient, supported
agriculture and fixed the
salt/gold trade
– Took the title “Mansa”
meaning emperor
• Mansa Musa came to power in 1312
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Skilled military leader
Huge army, expanded territory (bigger than Ghana)
Dedicated Muslim, took a trip to Mecca
Built Mosques, (churches) hospitals, and schools
Later rulers not as skilled, and empire fell apart
Songhai 1464-1591
• Started by controlling
trade routes, and then
expanding
– Sunni Ali –
• Military general, big army
and navy
• Seized Timbuktu for 7
years!
– Askia Muhammad
• Tax system developed,
bureaucracy, dedicated
Muslim
– Empire ended when
invaded by attackers
from the north with better
technology.
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
How did it start?
Developed
because of the
salt/gold trade
Military conquest
Control of trade
and conquest
How did it
maintain control?
Large Army,
Bureaucracy,
Taxes
Large Army,
Bureaucracy,
Taxes
Large Army,
Bureaucracy,
Taxes
What was the
primary religion?
Traditional,
changed to Islam
Islam
Islam
Sundiata
Mansa Musa
Sunni Ali
Asika
Muhammad
Notable people