Transcript The Intertestamental Period - West Side Church of Christ

The Intertestamental
Period: From Babylon
To The Birth Of Christ
The Time of Herod
Announcements
Intertestamental Period
Week
Date
Topic
1
05 Mar 14 Overview
2
12 Mar 14 Babylonian Period (605-539 BC)
3
19 Mar 14 Persian Period (539-332 BC)
4
26 Mar 14 Greek Period (332-323 BC)
5
02 Apr 14 Ptolemaic (323-198 BC)
6
09 Apr 14 Syrian (198-168 BC)
7
16 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 1 (168-153 BC)
8
23 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 2 (153-139 BC)
9
30 Apr 14 Independence (139-63 BC)
10
07 May 14 Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC)
11
14 May 14 Herod (37 BC – 4 BC)
12
21 May 14 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD)
13
28 May 14 Review
Today’s Objectives
• Review last week’s lesson
– Four political groups
– Julius Caesar, Antony and Octavius
– Herod’s rise
• Learn about the conflict between Octavian and
Antony and its’ effect on Judea
• Learn about Octavian as Caesar Augustus
• Learn about the origins of the Herodian family
• Learn about Herod’s rule
– Efforts as king
– Intervention with the birth of Christ
– Death and division of the kingdom
Reference Material
• KJV (w/ Apocrypha)
– 1st and 2nd Maccabbees
•
•
•
•
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Josephus – The Complete Works
Herodotus – The History
Intertestamental History – Mark Moore
Ancient Rome – Simon Baker
Harding University – BNEW 112 Course Notes –
Dr. Thompson
• Intertestamental Period – John Battle
Where we left off….
• Four main Jewish political groups: Pharisees,
Sadducees, Essenes, Zealots
• Pompey’s intervenes in the Jewish Civil War and
takes the land of the Jews
• Rise and fall of Julius Caesar
– Victory over Pompey
– Political decrees which impact Judea
– Caesar’s murder
• Herod rises from governor of Galilee to a defeated
leader living in Rome
• Herod’s return to Judah
• Antony and Octavius
Antipater II, Phasael and Herod
• In gratitude, Caesar appointed Antipater II as
the administrator of Judea (47 BC)
– Under Cassius
• Adds territories to Judea taken from Pompey
• Antipater II appoints his two sons to posts
– Phasael is made governor of Jerusalem
– Herod is made governor of Galilee
• After Caesar is murdered (44 BC), Cassius
seizes control of Judea
• Antipater II is murdered (43 BC)
• Phasael and Harod become joint rulers of
Judea (42 BC)
Marc Antony and Octavian
• Octavian was Caesar’s nephew
• Antony and Octavian defeat Cassius and
Brutus in the battle of Philippi (42 BC)
• Philippi becomes a Roman colony, making
them Roman citizens (Acts 16:12)
• Phasael and Herod switch allegiance to
Antony, who confirms their position
• Parthians invade Palestine
– 40 BC
– Capture and imprison Hyrcanus II and Phasael
– Herod escapes, eventually to Rome
Octavian fights Antony
• Source of contention
– Antony’s neglect for his wives including
Octavian’s sister
– Antony gave Cleopatra rule of conquered land
– Octavian had taken power and territory of
Lepidus (part of the Triumvirate)
• Herod the Great aligned with Antony
• Battle of Actium occurs
– 31 BC
– Octavian defeat Antony (who later kills himself)
– Octavian awarded the title of Augustus
– Recognized as the transition of the Roman
Republic into the Roman Empire
Battle of Actium
Caesar Augustus
• Herod promises his allegiance to Augustus
• Augustus adds to Herod’s domain
– Nearly doubles in size
• Augustus reigns from 31 BC to 14 AD
– Grand nephew of Julius Caesar
– Dies at the age of 76
• Outlives Herod the Great by 10 years
• Under Augustus’ rule
– Orders a census of the Roman empire (Mic 5:2)
– Census caused the birth of Jesus Christ to be
recorded in Bethlehem (Luke 2:1-7)
– John the Baptist’s ministry
Herod Family
• Originally Idumean, but claimed to be
Jews (Ant 14.15.2)
– Decedents of Esau (Gen 25)
• By necessity, they align with Rome
• Established the High Priests and deposed
without regard to the Law
• Antipater as the Patriarch
Israel and Judah
• Around 800 BC
• Multiple Kingdoms
• Kingdom of Israel and
Judah are divided
• Edom is to the south
of Judah
• Petra is one of the
major cities of Edom
Herod’s Rise
• In Rome, Herod makes a favorable
impression on Octavian and Antony
• Senate appoints him “king of the Jews”
– 40 BC (Josephus – 14.14.1-5, mainly 4)
– Added parts of Samaria and Idumea to his
kingdom
– Only “theoretical” at this time because it was
controlled by the Parthians
• Herod then sets out to retake his kingdom
– Jerusalem falls in 37 BC
– Gained favor with Cassius, Syrian Proconsul
Herod The Great
• Ruled from 37 BC to 4 AD
• Personality
– Describes as cruel and vicious
– Jealous man, sought to kill rivals to his throne
– Herod had Hyrcanus killed
• Construction projects
• Provided Jews a measure of their wants
– Peace and protection
– Lower taxes and greater public service
– Freedom from Gentile corruption of religion
Rebuilding of the Temple
• Started in 19-20 BC
– Read John 2:12-22
– Was still being built during the time of Jesus
– According to Josephus, it wasn’t completed
until 65 AD
– Eventually destroyed by the Romans in 70 AD
• Rebuilt the temple at Samaria at the same
time
• Provided for pagan worship as well in
various locations
Herod’s Temple
Herod and Christ
• Herod hears early reports of the birth of the
“king of the Jews” (Read Matt 2)
• Tries to have the infant Jesus killed
• Joseph, Mary, and Jesus escape
– To Egypt
– Why Egypt?
– Large Jewish population at the time, remember
• Herod becomes furious
– Has all the infants in Bethlehem killed
• Joseph, Mary, and Jesus return after Herod
dies, would have been around 4 BC
Herod’s Death
• Herod grows more suspicious and cruel
• Had lost the confidence and favor of the
Romans
– Order a tax registration in 8 BC
• Contracts a disease, possibly a cancer
– Herod orders key Jewish leaders to be jailed
– Orders their execution when he dies
– Order not carried out
• Herod’s kingdom is divided
– Three younger sons inherit the kingdom
Division of the Herod’s Kingdom
• Archelaus
– 4 BC – 6 AD
– Became ruler of the Jews
– Territory included Judea, Idumea, and Samaria
• Herod Antipas
– 4 BC – 39 AD
– Became a subordinate rule below the rank of a
king, most often mentioned in the NT
– Territory included Galilee and Perea
• Philip the Tetrarch
– 4 BC – 34 AD
– Northeast of Galillee, Iturea, Trachonitis
Division of Herod’s Kingdom
LG – Archelaus
P – Antipas
O – Phillip
GR – Salome
DG – Roman Province
Y – Autonomous cities
Review
• Reviewed last week’s lesson
– Four political groups
– Julius Caesar, Antony and Octavius
– Herod’s rise
• Learned about the conflict between Octavian and
Antony and its’ effect on Judea
• Learned about Octavian as Caesar Augustus
• Learned about the origins of the Herodian family
• Learned about Herod’s rule
– Efforts as king
– Intervention with the birth of Christ
– Death and division of the kingdom