Transcript PrimHum/Agricult PP - Nutley Public School District

Archaeology
Primitive Humans – Agricultural
Revolution
Primitive Humans
• Prehistory vs History
• Primitive humans fall into the prehistoric period.
• How can we learn about such people?
– Study of what they left behind
• Human bones
• Animal bones
• What the humans produced “Tools”: artifacts
– Most tools were made of stone: Stone Age
• Earliest human ancestor: Australopithecenes:
3.5 mill yrs ago.
– Lucy: most complete australopithecene skeleton.
Lucy
• Austalapithecene
Australopithecenes
Primitive Humans
• Paleolithic Age: earliest period of human tool
making from stone.
– Paleolithic = Old Stone Age 2.5 mill-10,000 yrs ago.
– Oldest human relatives are found in Africa
• Homo Habilis: 2.5 million yrs ago made the first stone tools.
This is the beginning of the Paleolithic period. Humans are
scavengers.
• Homo Erectus: 1.5 mill yrs; first to leave Africa and spread
out across the globe and make fire. Humans are now
hunters.
• Neandertal: 200,000-40,000 yrs ago. Survived the Ice Age,
sophisticated tools: clothes, buried dead with goodies--religion.
• Cro-Magnon: 50,000-----. Produced art. Lived in caves in
France and Spain. Modern humans like us.
Primitive Humans
• Great Rift Valley
Ardipithecus
Australopithecenes
Homo Habilis
Primitive Humans
HOMO HABILIS
HOMO ERECTUS
Primitive Humans
CRO-MAGNON
NEANDERTAL
Primitive Humans
• Mesolithic Age (Middle Stone Age): 10,000-8000
yrs ago. Humans domesticate animals, invented
bow and arrow, fish hooks, harpoons.
• Neolithic Age (New Stone Age): 8000 yrs ago.
Finer tools produced. Development of
agriculture. Domestication of many more
animals.
– Neolithic Revolution: beginning of farming.
• This would lead to civilizations, why?
• 5 Traits of civilization
Civilization
• 5 Traits of Civilization
– Cities
– Complex institutions
– Division of labor
– Writing
– Advanced technology
Neolithic Age
• Early Civilizations:
– Jericho
– Catal Huyuk
– These cities are considered some of the
earliest settlements to practice agriculture
• Hence, they are some of the earliest civilizations
Neolithic Age
• Jericho:
– believed to be one of the oldest continuouslyinhabited cities in the world, dating at least 9000 ys.
ago!
– Artifacts dating from 6800 BC at this site include ten
skulls, plastered and painted so as to reconstitute the
individuals' features.
• May have been kept in people's homes while the bodies were
buried.
– Middle Bronze Age,1700 BC, the city enjoyed some
prosperity.
– First permanent settlement was about 8000 BC and
consisted of: walls, shrine and a 23 ft tower with
internal staircase.
• Jericho
Jericho
• Jericho Skulls:
Catal Huyuk
• Large Neolithic settlement in southern Turkey, (7500 5700). It is the largest and best preserved Neolithic site
found to date.
• The eastern settlement forms a mound which would
have risen about 20 m (66 ft) above the plain.
– There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west
• Çatal Huyuk was composed of domestic buildings; with
no obvious public buildings. While some of the larger
buildings contain rather ornate wall murals, the purpose
of such rooms remains unclear
• An average population of between 5,000 to 8,000
Catal Huyuk
• The inhabitants lived in mud-brick houses which were
crammed together
– accessed by holes in the ceiling, which were reached by interior
and exterior ladders and stairs. Thus, their rooftops were their
streets.
– All interior walls and platforms were plastered to a smooth finish.
– Buried their dead within the village. Remains have been found in
pits beneath the floors, and especially beneath hearths, the
platforms within the main rooms and under the beds. The bodies
were tightly flexed before burial, and were often placed in
baskets or wrapped in reed mats.
• Some skulls were plastered and painted with ochre to recreate
human-like faces
• Vivid murals and figurines are found throughout the settlement, on
interior and exterior walls. Distinctive clay figurines of women have
been found in the upper levels of the site.
– storage of cereals such as wheat, barley, peas, almonds
pistachios
Catal Huyuk
• Artifacts
Catal Huyuk
• Artifacts
Catal Huyuk
• Artifacts
Civilizations
• This year, we will study civilizations
• Civilizations around the Mediterranean
Sea.
• We will be studying civilizations from
two periods:
• Bronze Age: Civilizations that arose in a time period
known as the Bronze Age 3100-1200 BC. It was during this
time that most tools were made of bronze
• Iron Age: 1200 BC on. Period when most tools were
made of iron. Began right after the end of the Bronze Age.