Transcript Some Dates in Human History

Some dates in Human History
Carlos Mota, UTAD, 2010.
http://www.utad.pt/en/departments/hss/educational_sciences/teaching_staf
f.html
Note: Many dates are
approximate.
• About three or four million years ago the
first humans appeared.
• All humans alive today are descendants of
the first humans emerged in Africa.
The Great Migration
• 100 000 or 80 000 years ago, humans
went from Africa to the Arabian Peninsula,
crossing the Red Sea.
• The first modern humans arrived to
Europe some 30 thousand years ago, and
to Central Asia about 18mil years ago.
Important discoveries:
• 9 thousand or 8 thousand years BC
AGRICULTURE, begun, in the so called
"fertile crescent". (It corresponds to areas
of current Iraq and Iran). Agriculture was
the basis of private property and State.
• 7 thousand years BC, agriculture begun in
China.
• The oldest image of the WHEEL is from
3500 BC.
• At 3500 BC the first city-states emerged in
Mesopotamia;
• At 3000 BC WRITING arises also in
Mesopotamia; Bronze is produced - alloy
based on copper and tin.
• From the invention of writing we consider
that mankind enters in the “Historical
Period”, because in Pre-History there was
no writing systems.
• The Great Pyramid of Giza, is completed
about the year 2500 BC.
• Between 2000 and 1000 BC there were
the first people identified as "Greeks";
• Man begins to use the horse for riding in
Central Asia.
• Around 1800 BC iron is produced in
Anatolia (now Turkey).
• In 1500 BC the oldest Chinese writing
appeared.
• About 1100 BC the Phoenicians invented
the Phonetic Alphabet which has great
importance because it reduces the number
of symbols needed to write.
• Around 1000 BC the human population is
120 million.
• In 753 BC Rome is founded.
• In 551 BC Confucius was born;
• Between 550 and 420 BC Gautama
(Buddha) was born.
• In 100 BC the "Silk Road“ is used;
• The Chinese seek Natural Gas;
• Between 8-4 BC Jesus Christ is born;
Between 29-36 AD Jesus Christ dies.
• In 100 the Chinese use paper and
porcelain;
• At 117 (under Trajan) the Roman Empire
covers the north of modern England to the
Persian Gulf, has about 88 million
inhabitants and an area of 5million Km2
(territory now divided by 46 countries). *1
*1-The Roman Empire in 117 AD
• Image from: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajano
• In 380 Christianity becomes official religion of
the Roman Empire;
• In 476 falls the Western Roman Empire (Europe
enters in the Middle Ages);
• Mohammed was born in 570;
• In 711 the
Peninsula;
Muslims
invaded
the
• In 900 the Chinese use gunpowder;
• In 1000 the Chinese use paper currency.
Iberian
• In 1143 Portugal becomes an independent
kingdom.
• Between 1348 and 1350 the Black Death
devastates Europe;
• In 1415 the Portuguese conquered Ceuta,
starting the European Expansion.
• In 1453 the Eastern Roman Empire falls
(History enters in the Modern Age);
• Copernicus’ “Revolutions of the Celestial
Orbs”;
• In 1455 Gutenberg prints the Bible.
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In 1492 Columbus arrives in America;
In 1498 Switzerland became a Republic;
In 1500 Cabral arrived in Brazil;
Between 1519 and 1522 the ships of
Magellan stroll the planet;
• In 1620 the Mayflower arrives in North
America;
• In 1674 the city of New Amsterdam
becomes British, with the name New York.
• Between 1750 and 1770 begins the
Industrial Revolution in England;
• In 1766 James Watt introduced his "steam
engine";
• In 1776 occurs the Declaration of
Independence of the United States;
• Adam Smith publishes “The Wealth of
Nations.”
• In 1789 occurs the French Revolution
(History enters in the Contemporary Age).
• In 1819 the steamboat Savannah crosses
the Atlantic;
• In 1844 Morse made a demonstration of
the telegraph;
• In 1848, Marx published the Communist
Manifesto;
• In 1853, a U.S. fleet obliges Japan to
accept foreign trade;
• In 1859 Darwin published “The Origin of
Species.”
• In 1863 slavery was abolished in the
U.S.A.
• In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened.
• In 1871 Germany was unified.
• In 1896 are held the first Olympics of the
modern era.
• In 1904 the Panama Canal opens.
• In 1913 Henry Ford creates the assembly
line.
• The First World War takes place from
1914 to 1918.
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In 1917 occurs the Russian Revolution.
In 1929 occurs the “crash” of Wall Street.
In 1933 Hitler came to power.
Between 1936 and 1939 the Spanish Civil
War takes place;
The Second World War occurs between
1939 and 1945.
In 1945, atomic bombs devastate
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
In 1947 India became independent;
In 1948 the State of Israel is created.
• In 1949 is founded the People's Republic of
China, state ruled by the Communist Party,
under the leadership of Mao Tse-Tung.
• In 1953 Watson and Crick established the
structure of DNA.
• In 1958 starts the European Economic
Community.
• In 1960 appears the pill;
• In 1969 the “Apollo 11” arrives to the Moon .
• In 1975 occurs the independence of all the
Portuguese colonies in Africa.
• In 1989 the Berlin Wall is demolished.
• In 1990 appears the “World Wide Web”.
• In 1991 Russia abandons the "Communism" and
returns to its former borders.
• In 2001 occurs the September 11 attack on the
World Trade Center in New York.
• From 2003 to 2010 occurs the invasion and
occupation of Iraq.
Current Problems
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Pollution,
climate change,
population imbalances.
The human population is consuming nonrenewable resources at high speed,
increasing in number and aging.
• Different types of pollution are growing.
• Climate is changing, and this change is a
huge danger.
Final Notes
• The facts mentioned in this presentation
could be others (many others). This
document is only a summary.
• This document is intended for use in
teaching.
Basic Bibliography
• A Brief History of the Twentieth Century (Uma Breve
História do século XX), Geoffrey Blainey. Lisboa, Dom
Quixote, 2009.
• Brief History of Nearly Everything (Breve História de
Quase Tudo), Bill Bryson. Lisboa, Quetzal, 2004.
• Several articles from the Wikipedia.
• Site: The Breathing Earth simulation at:
http://www.breathingearth.net/
• The whole history of the World (Toda a História do
Mundo), Jean-Claude Barreau and Guillaume Bigot and
The Whole World Geography (Toda A Geografia do
Mundo) Lisboa, Teorema, 2008 and 2009.