Transcript Slide 1
Ancient Egypt & Kush (Nubia) Archaic Period • Menes (Narmer) – united upper and lower Egypt – Egypt’s first Pharaoh • “Great House” – started Egypt’s first Dynasty The Old Kingdom 2686 – 2181 BC Pyramid Builders • Pyramids – tombs; Old Kingdom • Engineering – the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes … uh … what? – ex. using a 43.5° angle for the pyramids to avoid collapse Pyramid Builders • Imhotep – master architect • Djoser – Step Pyramid • Snefru – Red Pyramid (true pyramid) • Khufu (Cheops) – Great Pyramid of Giza Mummification • Afterlife – life after death; focus of Egyptian Religion • Mummies – help the “ka” find it’s body • Ka – life spirit Mummification • Sarcophagus – bone box; decorated coffin • Canopic Jars – held internal organs of mummy Gods and Goddesses • Re (Rah or Amen-Re) – sun god • Anubis – god of the dead and mummification; jackal headed Gods and Goddesses • Osiris – god of the underworld • Isis – goddess of magic • Horus – sky god; god of the pharaohs The Middle Kingdom 1991 – 1786 BC Middle Kingdom • “Renaissance” – “rebirth” of Egypt – classical period of art and literature – Egypt conquers Kush and gains wealth Middle Kingdom • Hyksos – invaders from Southwest Asia – chariots and high-powered bows • Ahmose – defeated the Hyksos – started the New Kingdom The New Kingdom 1567 – 1085 BC New Kingdom • Queen Hatshepsut – mother of Thutmose III – ran things; expaned trade – wore a beard !!! Thutmose III (Tutmosis) – killed his mom ??? – great conqueror New Kingdom • Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV) – monotheism; worshipped Aton “the sun disc” • Tutankhamen (Tutankhaton) – restored old religion – buried in the Valley of the Kings – tomb found in 1922 by Howard Carter New Kingdom • Ramses the Great – ruled for 67 years, 100 children – great builder of temples – defeated the Sea People Egyptian Life and Culture • Agriculture – 80% of Egyptians were poor farmers Writing • Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing system, one of the world’s first, used symbols Writing • Papyrus – long-lasting, paper-like substance made from reeds • Rosetta Stone – a stone slab discovered in 1799 that was inscribed with hieroglyphics and their Greek meanings; best archaeological source for translation of glyphs Architecture • Pyramids – Old Kingdom tombs – Egypt’s most recognized symbol Architecture • Temples – Dedicated to gods and pharaohs Architecture • Sphinx – head of a person and the body of a lion – largest single-stone statue ever • Obelisk – a tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top – like the Washington monument Art • Tomb Paintings – Murals Art • Carvings – “reliefs” Art • Jewelry & Decorations Nubian / Kushite Period • Nubians (Kushites) – Nubia conquered Egypt, then Egypt conquered Nubia – known for their gold and jewelry • Trade Network – system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth • Exports – goods sent for sale in other countries or regions • Imports – goods brought in from other countries or regions Greek (Ptolemaic) Period • Alexander the Great – conquered Egypt and becomes pharaoh; built the Lighthouse at Pharos and the Library of Alexandria • Ptolemy – one of Alexander’s generals, he was put in charge of Egypt as Alexander moved on to other conquests Roman Conquest • Cleopatra – Greek; descended from Ptolemy – committed suicide rather than be taken prisoner by Roman general Octavian (later known as Augustus Caesar) – she was Egypt’s last pharaoh and Egypt became Roman province