Transcript America On the World Stage 1899-1909

America On the World Stage
1899-1909
Chapter 28
A.P. US History
I.
War & Empire
A. The ‘Election of 1900’ – A Referendum
• Theodore Roosevelt, elected governor of New York following
the war, was maneuvered into accepting the vice-presidential
spot on McKinley’s ticket - a place where conservative political
bosses in New York State believed TR the reformer could not
harm their interests
• William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee in 1900,
campaigned on (1) his opposition to corporate trusts and
monopolies, (2) support for the defunct issue of ‘free silver’, and
(3) most importantly, his opposition to imperialism
• During the campaign, Republicans attacked what they
characterized as ‘Bryanism’ – the notion that the election of
Bryan would bring a return of bad economic times and other
problems
I.
War & Empire
A. The ‘Election of 1900’ – A Referendum
• Bryan, tying himself to anti-imperialism and the ‘free silver’
issue, virtually committed political suicide – the running
joke at the time was that the odds of his winning were ‘16
to 1’
• McKinley defeated Bryan by a wider margin than in the
1896 election [292 electoral to Bryan’s 155 electoral] – a
reflection of the public’s greater desire for prosperity and
protectionism than a referendum on imperialism
• On September 6, 1901, Pres. McKinley attended the PanAmerican Exposition in Buffalo, N.Y. – there he was shot
twice by Leon Czolgosz [a deranged anarchist] and died
eight days later
II.
T.R. – the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President
• Roosevelt succeeded to the
presidency – at forty-two
the youngest man ever to
enter the White House
• TR, born into a New York
patrician family, was
known for his
impulsiveness, enormous
talent and energy – traits
he used to strengthen the
power of the presidency
and the federal
government
II.
T.R. – the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
• In the Caribbean, Roosevelt guarded America’s ‘sphere of
influence’ by announcing the ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ to the
Monroe Doctrine – a policy which, in effect, made the U.S.
the hemisphere’s policeman
I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
 By the late 1890s, England,
France, Germany, Russia,
and Japan all desired to
carve China into separate
‘spheres of influence’ to
ensure access to China’s
markets and raw materials
 The activities of western
missionaries and businesses
in China led to nationalistic,
anti-western, and antiChristian sentiments –
culminating in the ‘Boxer
Rebellion’ of 1900
I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
 In 1899, the ‘Boxers’ began
attacking Christian converts
and missionaries in
northwest China – killing
30,000, plus 250
missionaries and their
families
 Nearly 800 Americans and
Europeans took refuge
behind the walls of the
foreign legation buildings in
Peking – besieged by more
than 20,000 ‘Boxers’
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I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
• In August 1900, 2,500 U.S.
troops joined a multinational
force of nearly 18K soldiers
to rescue the besieged
westerners in Peking
• After the multinational army
routed the ‘Boxers’, soldiers
looted the ‘Forbidden City’ –
home of the Chinese
Dowager Empress who had
given her tacit approval of
the rebellion
A ‘Boxer’ - 1900
I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
• In 1901, European powers
imposed the ‘Boxer
Protocol’ on China – it (1)
gave European powers the
right to keep military
forces in the capital and (2)
required the Chinese
government pay an
indemnity of $333 million
for loss of life and
property caused by the
rebellion
Dowager Empress Tsu Hsi
I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
• America’s share of the indemnity amounted to $24.5
million – a figure exceeding actual expenses and damages
• The American government remitted $18 million to the
Peking [Beijing] government – money which a grateful
China used to educate Chinese students in the U.S.
• Between 1889 and 1900, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay
distributed a series of diplomatic notes to European powers
and Japan calling for an ‘Open Door’ in China – free and
open access to trade for all nations while maintaining
Chinese sovereignty
I.
The United States & Imperialist Stirrings
A. Markets, Missionaries, & the ‘Open
Door’ (cont.)
 Italy, Germany, Britain,
France, Russia, and Japan
all responded to Hays’
‘Open Door Notes’ with
polite evasion
 In 1900, Hay cleverly announced the ‘Open
Door’ as international
policy in China – even
though the world powers
had not actually accepted
the idea
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II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
• The ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ (1) promised the United States
would not intervene in Latin America as long as nations
conducted their affairs with ‘decency’ and (2) served notice
to the European powers to keep out
• In 1902, Roosevelt risked war with Germany by intervening
in the Venezuelan debt dispute – a problem that was
eventually settled through arbitration
• Roosevelt, a strong advocate of naval power, had long
supported the idea of building a canal linking the Caribbean
and the Pacific Ocean – an idea that would greatly enhance
the flexibility of U.S. naval power
II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
• The Spanish-American
War had well illustrated the
need for an isthmian canal
– in 1898, the U.S.S.
Oregon [assigned to the
Pacific Fleet] was forced to
make the long, timeconsuming voyage around
S. America to join the
Atlantic Fleet off Cuba
U.S.S. Oregon
II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
• A canal was paramount to defending America’s expanding
merchant marine shipping and territorial acquisitions
[Puerto Rico, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Guam]
• In 1901, the U.S. and Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote
Treaty which cancelled the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850
– giving the U.S. unrestricted control over any canal built
• The two proposed canal routes were (1) through Nicaragua,
or (2) a Panamanian route through the purchase of canal
rights from the French-owned New Panama Canal
Company’s failed efforts to build
II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
• Work began on the
‘Panama Canal’ in 1903
and was completed in 1914
– at a cost of nearly $400
million
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II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
A. A Rough Rider President (cont.)
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II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
B. America on the World Stage (cont.)
 TR established the U.S. as a
force in world affairs
between 1905-1906
through his mediation of
several inter-national
disputes
 At the Portsmouth
Conference of 1905, he
media-ted an end to the
Russo-Japanese War that
Japan began by invading
Manchuria [Russia’s ‘sphere
of influence’]
II.
T.R. - the Diplomat & His Big Stick
B. America on the World Stage
• In 1906, TR mediated the
‘Algeciras Conference’ –
bringing a peaceful
resolution to a dispute
involving French and
German holdings in N.
Africa - adding to his
reputation as an astute
negotiator
• That year, TR earned the
Nobel Peace Prize for his
role in ending the ‘RussoJapanese War’ and for the
successful Algeciras, Spain
conference
III.
A ‘Progressive’ President: Theodore Rex
D. Roosevelt the Diplomat (cont.)
• In Asia, Roosevelt continued the Open Door’ policy - but
he did not pursue an aggressive Asian policy
• However, the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake
provided Roosevelt with another challenge – this time
involving the San Francisco School Board’s order to
segregate Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students in a
special school to free more space for white students
• The School Board’s discriminatory legislation raised official
protests from the Japanese government – jeopardizing good
relations between Japan and the United States
III.
A ‘Progressive’ President: Theodore Rex
D. Roosevelt the Diplomat (cont.)
• In 1907, President Roosevelt intervened by calling the
entire San Francisco School Board to the White House and
pressured the city to rescind its segregation order –
smoothing over relations with Japan
• In return, Japan’s government accepted the ‘Gentleman’s
Agreement’ an informal agreement calling for voluntary
restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States
• The ‘Gentleman’s Agreement’ placated ‘nativist’ sentiments
in California while also allowing Japan to save face in the
matter
III.
A ‘Progressive’ President: Theodore Rex
D. Roosevelt the Diplomat (cont.)
• Afterwards, Roosevelt worried that his intervention in the
school board issue might be interpreted in Tokyo as
prompted by fear of the Japanese – as a consequence, he
decided on a dramatic show of force
• In late 1907, Roosevelt ordered the ‘Great White Fleet’
[sixteen modern U.S. Navy battleships] to sail around the
world on a ‘goodwill tour’ that also demonstrated America’s
naval power – it received tumultuous welcomes in Latin
America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, and particularly
Japan
• Roosevelt’s show of American naval power illustrated his
dictum “Speak softly but carry a big stick”
The Great White Fleet: 1907
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III.
A ‘Progressive’ President: Theodore Rex
D. Roosevelt the Diplomat (cont.)
• The ‘Great White Fleet’s’
world voyage was greeted
by warm receptions - in
Japan it improved relations
with the U.S. under a new
treaty
• The ‘Root-Takahira’
agreement of 1908
pledged the U.S. and Japan
to honor the Open Door’
and respect each others
territorial claims in the
Pacific
The ‘Great White Fleet’ – Battleships of the
U.S. Atlantic Fleet on World Tour