Transcript Chapter 17 Power Point - Foreign Policy and National Defense

C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
SECTION 1
Foreign Affairs and National Security
SECTION 3
American Foreign Policy Overview
SECTION 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
Foreign Affairs and National
Security
SECTION 1
•What is foreign policy?
•How can we differentiate between
isolationism and internationalism?
•How does the Department of State function?
•How do the Department of Defense and the
military departments function?
Isolationism to Internationalism
•For the first 150 years, the •Isolationism, the
American people were
chiefly concerned with
domestic affairs, events
at home (westward
expansion, etc).
•Foreign affairs, or the
nation’s relationships with
other countries, were of
little or no concern.
purposeful refusal to
become involved in the
affairs of the rest of the
world, was American policy
during this time (Foreign
affairs a British thing).
•Since World War II,
however, U.S. policy has
featured a broadening of
American involvement in
global affairs (“one world”,
superpower).
“one world” “global village”
• We live in a “global village.” Ultra rapid travel, instantaneous
communications, economic conditions, terrorism, drug cartels,
chemical and biological weapons, civil wars and the behavior or
“rogue states” like North Korea.
• In the interconnected yet divided world world of today only foreign
policies that protect and promote the security of all nations can assure
the well-being of the United States.
Foreign Policy Defined
•A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all
the stands and actions that a nation takes in
every aspect of its relationships with other
countries (treaties, nuclear weapons testing, disarmament
negotiations, oil imports, immigration, fishing rights, economic sanctions,
exports, etc.).
•The President, the nation’s chief diplomat
and commander in chief of its armed forces,
has traditionally carried the major
responsibility for both the making and conduct
of foreign policy.
The State Department
•The State Department is headed by the secretary of
state, who ranks first among the members of the
President’s Cabinet. First created of the 15 executive
departments. T.J. was first under G.W. Today the State
Department is made up of 25,000 employees, with posts
around the world.
Department of State Cont’d
•Under international law, every nation has the right of legation – the right to
send and receive diplomatic representatives.
•An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by the President
to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy. The U.S. has embassies in
more than 180 countries. (encourage trade, gather information, advise person seeking
to enter U.S., aid American citizens abroad, etc.)
•Another job of the State Department is to issue passports, certificates
issued to citizens who travel or live abroad.
•Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to ambassadors and means that
they are not subject to the laws of state to which they are working. (There
is understanding that they will not abuse this right).
Christopher Stephens
was U.S. Ambassador to
Libya – Killed by Al-Qaeda
terrorists Sept. 11 2012
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the American military
services.
The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
•The army is the largest and the
oldest of the armed services.
•The army consists of standing
troops, or the Regular Army, and its
reserve units—the Army National
Guard and Army Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
•The navy’s major responsibilities
are for sea warfare and defense.
•The U.S. Marine Corps, a combatready land force, are under the
auspices of navy command.
The Department of the Air Force
•The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
•The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of
defense.
Chuck Hagel
is current
Secretary of
Defense –
Heads the
Pentagon
Section 1 Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following
EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
SECTION 3
American Foreign Policy Overview
•What were the themes in American foreign policy
through World War I?
•How did the two World Wars affect America’s
traditional policy of isolationism?
•What are the principles of collective security and
deterrence?
•How did the United States resist Soviet
aggression during the cold war?
•How can we describe American foreign policy
since the end of the cold war?
Foreign Policy Overview
“History is bunk.” -Henry Ford
He was a great automaker, but was very wrong.
Why study history?
“History is our social memory, Our memories tell us
who we are, where we belong, what has worked and
what has not worked, and where we seem to be
going.”
- Historian Robert Kelly
Foreign Policy From Independence Through
World War I
In his farewell address in in 1796, George Washington declared that
“our true policy” was “to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
portion of the foreign world.”
So, for 150 years the U.S. followed his advice, taking on the foreign
policy of isolationism.
Isolationism Until WWII
•
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the affairs
of North and South America and established the United States as the
only power of the Western Hemisphere. Not really a policy of
isolationism within our own hemisphere.
• James Monroe stated, “any
attempt on their part to extend
their system to any portion of
this hemisphere as dangerous
to our peace and safety.”
• Monroe Doctrine was seen as
a selfish policy by most Latin
Americans, designed to
protect political and economic
of the United States.
Isolationism Until WWII
•
By the 1900’s problems arose within the hemisphere. T. Roosevelt sent
troops to quell revolutions. In 1903, the U.S. built the Panama Canal. In
1917, the U.S. purchased the Virgin Islands. These acts were resented
by many in Latin America. They complained of the “Colossus of the
North” and “Yankee Imperialism.”
•
The Good Neighbor Policy (1930’s) Franklin Roosevelt worked to
“win friends” to the South. By a policy of non-intervention and noninterference in domestic affairs of Latin America.
Brazilian
President
Getuilo Vargas
with FDR
Isolationism Until WWII
•
•
•
By the late 1800’s the British, French, Germans, and Japanese were
were wanting to take slices of the Chinese coast as their own exclusive
trading preserves.
The Open Door Policy (1899) Secretary
of State John Hay insisted on an “open
door” policy to trading with China. That
doctrine promoted equal trade access for
all nations, and demanded Chinese
independence and sovereignty.
Those other major powers accepted the
American policy, although reluctantly.
World War I and World War II
World War I
•The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions of
American commerce due to German submarine warfare.
•After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation
retreated back to a policy of isolationism.
World War II
•The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the
United States entry in World War II.
•World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an
increased role in global affairs by the United States “superpower.”
Two New Principles
Collective Security
•Collective security, involves a world community in which most nations
would agree to act together against any nation that threatened the peace.
The U.S. took the lead in creating the United Nations – to maintain
international peace and security. WWII saw up to 70 million people die.
•It soon became clear, however, that world peace would rely on the
relationship between the U.S. and Soviet Union.
Deterrence
•Deterrence is the policy of making America
so militarily strong that their very strength will
deter—discourage, or even prevent—any
attack.
•Truman initiated deterrence as relations
with the Soviet’s worsened. Every President
since Truman has continued the strategy.
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations
between the United States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not
result in direct military action between the two.
• Truman Doctrine (1947) Established the policy of containment.
Policy lasted through the 1980’s. Goal was to contain communism
around the world and not let it spread so it would collapse from within.
• Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Soviets were building missiles on Cuba
that could hit America. JFK ordered naval blockade to prevent further
delivery. U.S. threatened to attack Cuba. Soviets backed down.
• The Korean War (1950) Fought when communist North invaded
South. Pitted U.S. and S.K. vs. Soviet armed N.K. Eventually the
invasion turned back and S.K was preserved.
• Vietnam War (1965) Communists began civil war in South Vietnam
supplied by Soviets. The U.S. invaded. By 1973, 58,000 America had
withdrawn. The south was overrun by communists.
Détente Through the Present
•Following the U.S.
•The cold war came to an
withdrawal from Vietnam, the
Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of
détente.
end with the collapse of the
Soviet Union in 1991.
•Détente is a French term
meaning “relaxation of
tensions. Idea was to improve
relations with USSR.
•Nixon would become the
first U.S. President to visit
mainland China in 1972. He
also visited Moscow during
his administration.
Section 3 Review
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy
was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the
peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.
SECTION 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
•What are the two types of foreign aid?
•How can we describe United States foreign
aid policy?
•What are the major security alliances to
which the United States belongs?
•What is United States policy in the Middle
East?
•What role does the United Nations play, and
what problems does it face?
Foreign Aid
•Foreign aid—economic and military aid to other
countries—has been a basic feature of American
foreign policy for more than 50 years.
•Most aid has been sent to those nations
regarded as the most critical to the realization of
this country’s foreign policy objectives.
•Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
American goods and products.
Security Alliances
NATO
•The North Atlantic Treaty
Other Alliances
•The United States is also part
•Today, NATO’s purpose has
of the Rio Pact with Canada and
Latin America, the ANZUS pact
with Australia and New Zealand,
as well as other pacts in the
Pacific region.
changed. With the collapse of
the Soviet Union, NATO’s goals
have broadened to include
peacekeeping roles, and
establishing a continued
relationship with Russia.
taken an active interest in the
actions that unfold in the Middle
East, although America is not
part of any formal alliance in the
region.
Organization (NATO) was
formed to promote the collective
defense of Western Europe.
•The United States has also
The United Nations
•The United Nations was formed following World War II to
promote peace and security across the globe.
•The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the
world.”
•Oversight and maintenance of international peace is
delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the United
States is a permanent member.
•Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children and
women, and investigations and aid for world health services
are all examples of current United Nations functions.
Section 4 Review
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to States for immigration reform.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.