Transcript POD Chapter 11 Power Point

Civil Rights
Civil Rights
Chapter 11: Civil Rights
Section 1: Civil Rights and Discrimination
Section 2: Equal Justice under Law
Section 3: Civil Rights Laws
Section 4: Citizenship and Immigration
Civil Rights
Section 1 at a Glance
Civil Rights and Discrimination
• Civil rights are the freedoms and protections that individuals
have by law, especially those that concern equal status and
treatment.
• The meaning of civil rights in the United States has changed
over time as society, laws, and legal interpretations of civil
rights have changed.
• For much of U.S. history, certain ethnic and racial groups,
women, and others have suffered from discrimination and a
denial of civil rights.
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Civil Rights and Discrimination
Main Idea
The Constitution is designed to guarantee basic civil rights to
everyone. The meaning of civil rights has changed over time,
and many groups have been denied their civil rights at different
times in U.S. history.
Reading Focus
• What are civil rights, and how have civil rights in the United
States changed over time?
• How has a pattern of discrimination affected the civil rights of
some groups in U.S. history?
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The Importance of Civil Rights
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Civil Rights in the United States
What Are Civil Rights?
• Equal status and treatment
Example: Illegal to discriminate based on race
• Equal participation in government
Example: Right to vote
How Have Civil Rights Changed?
• At the time of the Declaration of Independence, American society
viewed women and racial minorities as unequal to white men of
European ancestry.
• American society’s views now include equality for those groups
previously denied equal treatment.
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Contrasting
How is the meaning of civil rights today
different from in the past?
Answer(s): Groups that were formerly denied
their civil rights by the government, including
women and minorities, are now recognized as
being entitled to them.
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A Pattern of Discrimination
In its history, the United States has practiced legalized
discrimination toward minority groups based on prejudice,
unfounded negative opinions, and racism, unfair treatment
because of race.
African Americans
• Forced into slavery
• 1857, Dred Scott v. Sandford:
African Americans could never be
U.S. citizens
• Thirteenth Amendment abolished
slavery
• Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments granted citizenship
and right to vote
Native Americans
• Effects of colonization of North
America included diseases and
loss of territory through force,
violated treaties, and government
policy regarding reservations
• Forced onto reservations
• Forced “Americanization”;
prevented from speaking native
language or maintaining
traditional ways of life
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A Pattern of Discrimination (cont’d.)
Asian Americans
• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 effectively ended Chinese immigration
• Japanese American Internment during World War II
Hispanics
• 1840s: U.S. took over the southwest leading to discrimination,
violence, and loss of land
• Immigrated from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico for work and to escape
political turmoil
Women
• Few rights before 1920
• 1873, Bradwell v. Illinois: Women barred from practicing law
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Summarizing
What groups have experienced
civil rights violations in the past?
Answer(s): racial minorities, women, religious
minorities, immigrants
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Section 2 at a Glance
Equal Justice under Law
• The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection of the
law.
• Despite attempts to protect their civil rights after the Civil War,
African Americans suffered discrimination, unequal treatment,
and legalized segregation.
• Women’s struggle for equal justice initially centered on the
right to vote.
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Equal Justice under Law
Main Idea
The Fourteenth Amendment was designed to bolster civil rights by
requiring states to guarantee to freed slaves “the equal protection of the
laws.” However, African Americans and women still struggled to win
equal treatment in American society.
Reading Focus
• What is meant by equal protection of the law?
• What civil rights laws were passed after the Civil War, and why
did they fail to end segregation?
• How did women fight for and win voting rights?
• What events began to roll back racial and ethnic segregation in
the United States?
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Equal Protection
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Equal Protection of the Law
The Equal Protection Clause
• 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause: “No State shall . . . deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
• Specifically targeted at states; protects civil rights
Reasonable Distinction
There are times when it is appropriate and legal to distinguish between
different groups of people.
Three tests the courts use to determine fairness:
• Rational Basis Tests (“good reason”; driver’s license)
• Intermediate Scrutiny Test (higher standard; Selective Service)
• Strict Scrutiny Test (highest standard)
– Restriction of a fundamental right
– Classification made based on race or national origin (“suspect
classification”)
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Identifying the Main Idea
How does the Court interpret
the equal protection clause?
Answer(s): by using reasonable distinction to
determine whether it is legal to distinguish
between different groups of people
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Laws and Segregation after the Civil War
Post–Civil War Laws
Racial Segregation
• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments
• Progress in the South, 1865–1877
• Many federal civil rights laws
• Compromise of 1877 led to:
• Little effect on society
— Violence
— Segregation: separation of
racial groups
Jim Crow laws
• Aimed at African Americans
• Raised positions of whites while
lowering nonwhites
• Examples: schools, theaters
Separate-but-equal doctrine
• 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson:
Louisiana law requiring separate
railway cars for whites
• Allowed separate facilities so long
as they were “equal”
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Sequencing
What events after the Civil War led to
legalized segregation in the South?
Answer(s): the end of military occupation in the
South, the rise of extremist groups such as the Ku
Klux Klan, and the passage of Jim Crow laws by
state governments
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Voting Rights for Women
Women’s demand for equal rights grew out their participation in the
struggle for African Americans’ rights. The main goal was women’s
suffrage (right to vote).
The Women’s Movement
Begins
Winning the Vote
• 1848: Seneca Falls Convention
• Early 1900s: Suffrage effort
began again
• Conflict in women’s support of
Fifteenth Amendment
• 1920: Nineteenth Amendment
• States, especially in the West,
begin giving women voting
rights
• “The right of citizens ... to vote
shall not be denied ... on
account of sex...”
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Sequencing
What were some key events
in the fight for women’s suffrage?
Answer(s): the Seneca Falls Convention; Declaration of
Sentiments; lobbying to have women included in the
Fifteenth Amendment; the Wyoming Territory allowing
women the right to vote in 1869; Nineteenth Amendment
ratified
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Rolling Back Segregation
Early Legal Challenges
• NAACP fought to end de jure segregation (legal segregation)
Example: Gaines v. Canada (1938), Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
• Filed on behalf of all African American students; overturned Plessy
School Desegregation
• Schools begin phasing out separation of groups based on race
• De facto segregation (segregation in fact; reflect social and economic
differences between groups)
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Summarizing
How did legalized segregation
in the United States finally end?
Answer(s): It was challenged in the courts, using
cases in which students were denied an equal
education.
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Landmark Supreme Court Cases
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)
Why It Matters:
In this case the Supreme Court ruled that de jure
segregation violated the equal protection clause of
the Constitution. This decision led to
desegregation and helped spark the civil rights
movement.
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Section 3 at a Glance
Civil Rights Laws
• The civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s led to a
series of federal laws designed to protect people’s civil rights.
• In addition to civil rights laws, affirmative action policies
attempted to address the effects of past discrimination.
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Civil Rights Laws
Main Idea
In the 1950s and 1960s, an organized movement demanding civil rights
changed American society and led to a series of new federal laws that
protected the civil rights of African Americans and other groups.
Reading Focus
• What was the civil rights movement, and what effects did it have on
American society?
• What new federal laws were passed in response to the civil rights
movement?
• How were civil rights extended to women, minorities, and people with
disabilities?
• How are affirmative action policies a part of the civil rights
movement?
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Standing Up for Your Rights
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The Civil Rights Movement
Civil rights movement: mass movement during 1950s and 1960s to
guarantee civil rights of African Americans
• protests against injustice, segregation
• support for new federal civil rights laws
Key Events:
– 9 African American students enter Central High School, Little Rock, AR
– Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat on bus, resulting in bus boycott led
by Martin Luther King Jr., and successful suit against city of
Montgomery, AL by NAACP
– Nonviolent protests were strategies used by activists
– Acts of civil disobedience (nonviolent refusal to obey law) common.
– 1963: March on Washington
– 1965: March from Selma to Montgomery; violent images led to passage
of new federal civil rights laws
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Sequencing
What were the key events of the
early civil rights movement?
Answer(s): Rosa Park’s refusing to give up her bus
seat; Montgomery bus boycott; Supreme Court’s upholding
that public facilities could not be segregated; acts of civil
disobedience; 1963 March on Washington with Martin
Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech; Selma to
Montgomery marches leading to Bloody Sunday
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New Federal Laws
Civil Rights Laws under
Eisenhower
• Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Civil
Rights Commission)
• Civil Rights Act of 1960 (voting)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Banned discrimination based on
race, color, religion, sex, or national
origin in voting, employment, public
accommodations
• Age added in 1967
• Under the commerce clause
Voting Rights Laws
• Twenty-fourth Amendment (banned
poll tax: tax on someone
attempting to vote)
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 (banned
literacy tests)
Effects of New Federal Laws
•
•
•
•
•
Desegregation
Housing
Jobs
Voting
Public accommodations
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Civil Rights
Summarizing
What major federal civil rights laws
were passed in the 1950s and 1960s?
Answer(s): Civil Rights Act of 1957; Civil Rights
Act of 1960; Twenty-fourth Amendment; Civil
Rights Act of 1964; Voting Rights Act; Civil Rights
Act of 1968
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Extending Civil Rights
Women
Hispanics
• 1963: Equal Pay Act
• 1946, Mendez v. Westminster
• 1972: Title IX of the Education
Amendments
• 1954, Hernandez v. Texas
• 1975: Equal Credit Opportunity Act
Native Americans
• Protested to expand civil rights
(Example: AIM)
• Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act of 1975
• 1978: American Indian Religious
Freedom Act
• 1973, Keyes v. Denver Unified
School District
People with Disabilities
• 1990: Americans with Disabilities
Act
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Civil Rights
Summarizing
How were civil rights extended to groups
besides African Americans?
Answer(s): 1946, segregation of Hispanic students was
illegal; 1954, equal protection clause applied to all groups,
not just African Americans; 1973, de facto segregation of
Hispanics in public schools unconstitutional; 1975 Voting
Rights Act; Indian Self-Determination and Education
Assistance Act of 1975; 1978: American Indian Religious
Freedom Act; 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act
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Affirmative Action
Years of past discrimination resulted in women and minorities being
underrepresented in certain businesses and education. Affirmative action
aims to provide opportunities for them.
Early Affirmative Action Efforts
• Began in 1960s
• Late 1970s: affirmative action controversial
• Some people claimed they were victims of reverse discrimination,
discrimination against the majority group
The Bakke Case
• Allan Bakke denied entry to medical school with quota (fixed number or
percentage) of minorities needed
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), Supreme Court ruled
university’s quota system invalid
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Affirmative Action (cont’d.)
The Michigan Cases
• Two cases questioning affirmative action at University of Michigan
• Court ruled in favor of applicant in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
• Court ruled against applicant in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Ballot Measures
• Several states passed laws (voter initiatives) limiting affirmative action
• California, 1996; Washington, 1998; Michigan, 2006
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Summarizing
How have affirmative action policies
changed over time?
Answer(s): Some courts have ruled against
affirmative action and some states, such as
California, have restricted affirmative action
policies.
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Debating the Issue: Affirmative Action
Should the government promote affirmative action to help
address the effects of past discrimination?
Since 1965 federal law has required many public institutions
and private companies to institute affirmative action policies to
provide more opportunities for members of historically
underrepresented groups, such as racial minorities and women.
Affirmative action policies vary widely, employing methods such
as recruitment, quotas, and proportional representation.
However, these policies have been controversial, drawing both
praise and criticism. Although the Supreme Court has ruled on a
number of affirmative action cases, it has overturned about as
many policies as it has upheld.
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Debating
the Issue
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Section 4 at a Glance
Citizenship and Immigration
• Citizenship comes with both rights and responsibilities.
• Throughout U.S. history, immigrants have come to the United
States hoping to attain U.S. citizenship.
• The federal government regulates immigration to the United
States.
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Citizenship and Immigration
Main Idea
Being a U.S. citizen includes certain rights and responsibilities.
The federal government regulates citizenship through its
immigration and naturalization policies.
Reading Focus
• In what ways do people receive U.S. citizenship, and what
civic responsibilities do citizens have?
• What immigration policies has the federal government adopted
in its history?
• How has the federal government responded to the challenge of
illegal immigration?
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U.S. Citizenship
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U.S. Citizenship
People become U.S. citizens in several ways:
• Citizenship by Birth
– jus soli (“law of the soil”)
– jus sanguinis (“law of the blood”)
• Citizenship by Naturalization
– legal process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen
Losing Citizenship
Civic Responsibilities
• Denaturalization: loss of
naturalized citizenship
• Respect and obey law; respect
rights of others
• Loyalty to government; pay taxes;
vote
• Expatriation: giving up citizenship
Civic Identity
• common devotion to democracy,
individual liberties, civil rights
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Identifying Supporting Details
What are the two main ways of achieving
citizenship in the United States?
Answer(s): by birth and by naturalization
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Immigration Policies
• Encouraging Immigration
– At first plenty of land and resources
– Over time, less land; different languages and cultures
• Restricting Immigration
– Laws restricting numbers of immigrants, especially from Asia, Africa,
Latin America
– Nationality Act of 1965, did away with country-based quota system,
allowed 290,000 immigrants per year, gave preference to skilled
workers, relatives of U.S. citizens
– Law updated in 1990, allows about 675,000 immigrants annually
• Political Asylum and Refugees
– Separate immigration policies for refugees
– United States accepts more refugees than any other country
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Sequencing
How has immigration policy in the
United States changed over time?
Answer(s): first hundred years: little regulation; 1875:
barred entry to criminals; 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act;
Quota Law of 1921 and National Origins Quota Act of
1924: restricted immigration by country, established annual
number of immigrants; Nationality Act Amendments of
1965: did away with country-based quota system
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Illegal Immigration
The Situation Today
• Undocumented alien: Someone who lives in a country without authorization
from the government
• Deportation: Legal process of forcing a noncitizen to leave a country
• Difficult to determine exact number in United States
• Most from Mexico and Latin America
The Debate over Illegal Immigration
• Pro: Hard workers who contribute to U.S. economy
• Con: Drain on government services
Illegal Immigration Policies
• Immigration Reform and Control Act, 1986
• Effect of September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
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Summarizing
What policies has the federal government
created to deal with illegal immigration?
Answer(s): created Border Patrol; Immigration
Reform and Control Act; Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act
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We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution
Civic Participation
Our system of government depends on the active participation of
citizens. Citizens, after all, have the ultimate power and responsibility
to govern. This lesson outlines the importance of civic participation in
our constitutional democracy.
• Why should Americans participate in the civic life of the
country?
• How is civic participation connected to self-interest?
• How is civic participation related to advancing the common
good?