Transcript File - Introduction to American History

James Monroe
• Born: April 26, 1758 in
Westmoreland County VA
Education
• Studied at Campbelltown
Academy and progressed in
Latin and math quicker than
his classmates.
• Among his classmates was
John Marshall who would
become the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court
• At 16 he was admitted to the
College of William and Mary
• Left college to fight in
Revolution
James Monroe
Service in the American
Revolution
• In June of 1775, after the
battles of Lexington and
Concord, and while attending
William and Mary, Monroe
joined 24 older men who
stormed the arsenal at the
Governor’s Palace. They
captured 200 muskets and 300
swords that were then given to
the Williamsburg militia.
• In March of 1776, Monroe
joined the 3rd VA Regiment as
a lieutenant.
James Monroe
Service in the American
Revolution
• Monroe’s unit joined
Washington’s army in
September of 1776.
• Christmas of 1776 Monroe
was among the troops that
crossed the Delaware.
• Monroe lead a charge at
Trenton that captured two
cannon. In that charge he was
severely wounded in the
shoulder. For heroism he was
promoted to Captain at the age
of 18.
James Monroe
Service in the American
Revolution
• Served at Brandywine and
Germantown and was
promoted to the rank of major.
He was now 18 years of old.
• Was with the army at Valley
Forge during the winter of
1777 – 1778.
• Acted as a scout for Gen.
Washington at the battle of
Monmouth in 1778.
James Monroe
Service in the American
Revolution
• In December of 1778, Monroe
resigned his commission in the
Continental Army and returned
to Virginia.
• In 1780, at the age of 22, he
was appointed military
commissioner of Virginia with
the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
“He has, in every instance maintained the
reputation of a brave, active, and sensible
officer.” George Washington
James Monroe
Government Service
• Member of Virginia Assembly
1782 – 1783
• Three term member of
Continental Congress 1783 –
1786 – Fought for rights of the
West. Wanted western lands
given to Revolutionary
Veterans. Wanted free
navigation of the Mississippi.
• U.S. Senator – 1790 –1794 –
Sided with Anti-Federalists.
Eventually became allied with
Thomas Jefferson.
James Monroe
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Government Service
Appointed Minister to France
by George Washington from
1794-1796.
Governor of Virginia 1799 –
1802
Special Envoy to France –
1803 – negotiated the
Louisiana Purchase
Minister to Great Britain –
1803 – 1807
Governor of Virginia –
January 1811 to March 1811
James Monroe
Government Service
• Appointed Secretary of State
by James Monroe in 1811. As
British marched on
Washington D.C., Monroe
ordered all State Department
records and documents,
including the Declaration of
Independence, removed. He
left Washington D.C. and led a
scouting party to find the
British.
James Monroe
Government Service
• After the burning of
Washington D.C., President
Madison appointed Secretary
of War and the same time he
was serving as Secretary of
State.
• When James Madison retired
as President, James Monroe
was the heir apparent to the
Presidency.
The Monroe Doctrine
I.
Introduction - First half of 1800’s – many
South American countries fought for
independence from Spain and Portugal
A. Americans supported the revolutions
1. Did not want European influences
in the Western Hemisphere
II. The United States and Latin America
A. Early 1800’s –Europe involved in Napoleonic
Wars
1. Sapped strength from Spain
2. Gave Spanish colonies opportunity
Florida
• The Louisiana Purchase made no reference to the status of Spanish-ruled East
and West Florida.
• October 27, 1810, President Madison proclaimed that the United States was
taking possession of West Florida. This territory was incorporated into the
Mississippi Territory.
• After the War of 1812, Spanish West Florida became a haven for runaway slaves
and hostile Indians who made raids on Americans on the Florida and Georgia
Border.
II. The United States and Latin America
B. The U.S. takes Florida
1. Farmers in Georgia complained
of attacks
Florida
• In December of 1817, Andrew Jackson was given command of United States
forces on the Florida border and was ordered to pursue hostile elements as far as
Spanish outposts. He sent a letter to President Monroe saying “Let it be signified
to me through any channel (say Mr. J. Rhea) that the possession of the Floridas
would be desirable to the United States and in sixty days it will be
accomplished.” Monroe did not respond and Jackson took military control of
Florida.
II. The United States and Latin America
B. The U.S. takes Florida
2. General Andrew Jackson
marched 3,000 troops into
Florida
a. Destroyed Seminole villages
b. Executed two chiefs
c. Seized 2 Spanish military
posts
II. The United States and Latin America
B. The U.S. takes Florida
2. General Andrew Jackson
marched 3,000 troops into
Florida
d. Spain protested and
demanded that Jackson be
punished
II. The United States and Latin America
B. The U.S. takes Florida
3. Adams-Onis Treaty
a. Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams told Spain to
control things or get out
b. Spain having trouble with
Latin America colonies, so
they got out
II. The United States and Latin America
B. The U.S. takes Florida
3. Adams-Onis Treaty
c. Ceded Florida to the U.S. for
$5 million
Jackson takes Florida
III. The Monroe Doctrine
A. U.S. and Britain supported
Latin American revolutions
B. Monarchs of Europe did not
1. Alarmed by the spread of
democracy
2. Some began talk of helping
Spain recover lost colonies
III. The Monroe Doctrine
C. Monroe asked John Adams to
draft a statement on colonization
of Latin America
1. 1823 – President Monroe
issued a statement that
became known as the
Monroe Doctrine
2. “The Americas are closed
to future colonization
III. The Monroe Doctrine
C. Monroe asked John Adams to
draft a statement on colonization
of Latin America
2. “The Americas are closed
to future colonization by
European Powers”
3. In return he promised that
America would stay out of
Europe’s affairs
III. The Monroe Doctrine
C. Monroe asked John Adams to
draft a statement on colonization
of Latin America
4. The Monroe Doctrine has
remained a pillar of
American Policy
IV. The Age of Jackson
D. Election of 1828
1. Jackson again ran against
Adams
2. This time easily defeated
Adams
3. First president born west of
the Appalachians
IV. The Age of Jackson
D. Election of 1828
4. Previous presidents had
wealthy backgrounds
5. Jackson a self-mad man
6. “Common man”
Andrew Jackson
• Born: March 15, 1767, in Waxhaws,
S.C.
• Military Service: Major General in
Tennessee Militia; Major General in
United States Army. Victor of New
Orleans; Conquer of Florida.
• Elected Offices: Attorney General of
Western Dist. of S.C.; Delegate
Delegate to Tenn. State Const.
Convention; U.S. House of Rep.;
U.S. Senate; Tenn. Supreme Court
Judge; Gov. Florida Territory.
• Opponents called him a donkey, he
liked it and it became the symbol of
Democratic party
• Died: June 8, 1845
E. King Andrew
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Viewed by many as a man of the
people
Also seen as tough and inflexible
Bad temper, vengeful
Involved in two duels, many
brawls
Admired as a leader
Some thought he acted like a king
F. Jacksonian Democracy
1. Wanted to get ordinary people in
government
2. Gave government positions to
political supporters
a. Spoils system
3. Rotated government jobs
4. Attracted more people to politics
a. Many people considered unfair
F. Jacksonian Democracy
4. Relied on small group of old
friends and advisors
a. Many people considered unfair
5. Rotated government jobs
a. Opponents called it his
“kitchen cabinet”
6. Process of choosing candidates
for local, state and federal
government
F. Jacksonian Democracy
6. Process of choosing candidates
for local, state and federal
government
a. Candidates used to be
selected by party process
b. Now elected by the people
G. Nullification
1. Idea that states could nullify
federal law
2. Senator John Calhoun of South
Carolina
a. Upset over new tariff law
b. Claimed states could nullify
congressional acts that
violated rights
G. Nullification
2. Senator John Calhoun of South
Carolina
c. Became vice-president under
Jackson
3. Daniel Webster argued people
ratified Constitution, States
could not usurp
G. Nullification
4. 1832 Congress lowered tariff
a. South Carolina still upset
b. Declared tariff null in S.C.
c. Jackson asked Congress to
pass Force Bill
d. S.C. finally revoked its
nullification
5. Nullification would become
bigger issue with slavery
V. Jackson and Native Americans
A. Saw Natives as obstacles to
Americans
B. Only about 125,000 left east of
Mississippi
C. 60,000 lived in South
V. Jackson and Native Americans
C. 60,000 lived in South
1. Five civilized tribes
a. Creek
b. Cherokee
c. Chickasaw
d. Choctaw
e. Seminole
2. Owned about 33 millions acres
3. Jackson wanted land for settlers
V. Jackson and Native Americans
D. 1830 – Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act
1. Indians forced to trade land
east of the Mississippi for
land west
2. Cherokee won decision from
Supreme Court
a. Jackson ignored decision
V. Jackson and Native American
3. 1838 – more than 15,000 forced to
relocate from Georgia to Oklahoma
a. Many died on trip
b. “Trail of Tears”
c. Many Seminoles resisted by
going to war
d. Government then forced removal
of 60,000 Natives during 1830’s
Trail of Tears
Trail of Tears
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•
Different tribes responded to Indian
Removal act in different manners.
Seminoles resisted by going to war
Cherokee Nation fought back in the
courts. In Worcester v. Georgia, court
said “The Cherokee Nation, then, is
a distinct community, occupying its
own territory, with boundaries
accurately described, in which the
laws of Georgia can have no force .
. .” Jackson is said to have
commented “John Marshall has
made his decision, now let him
enforce it.”
VI. Spanish in North America
C.
Texas
1. 1820’s only about 2,500 Mexicans lived in Texas
a. Tejanos
2. Tejanos wanted to attract Americans in the area
3. 1823 – Mexican government reached agreement with
Stephen A. Austin
a. Bring 300 American families to Texas
b. Each would receive 4,000 acres of land
c. Become Mexican citizens and Roman Catholics
d. Obey Mexican law
Stephen Austin
Born: November 3, 1793
• Lawyer, Member of Missouri
Territorial Legislature.
• Lost money and moved to
Arkansas and became a judge
• Moved to New Orleans
• His father got empresario grant
to bring 300 colonists to Texas
• His father died he took over
grant
• Appointed Commissioner to
U.S by Texas Provisional
Government
• Died: October 28, 1836
VI. The Spanish in North
America
4.
5.
6.
Americans continued to migrate to Texas
a. By 1830 about 16,000 settlers in region
b. Many brought slaves
c. Tejano population was not growing
Mexico began to worry about American presence
a. Americans started their own schools
b. Resisted learning Spanish
c. Most Americans were Protestant
d. Most of the trade with U.S.
Mexico sent troops to Texas to force Americans to obey laws.
VII. Texas Independence
A.
B.
C.
By 1830’s Americans in Texas very angry at Mexican Gov.
Americans and Tejanos wanted a self-governing state within
Mexico
1. Mexico refused
1830 – Mexican gov. tightened control over Texas
1. Outlawed further American immigration
2. Outlawed further importation of slaves
3. Sent army to enforced laws
4. Heavy taxes on U.S. goods
VII. Texas Independence
D.
E.
F.
G.
1833 – General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna becomes
President of Mexico
Texans hear rumors of Mexican attack
1835 Texans take control of San Antonio
March 2, 1836 – Texas declares independence
1. Sam Houston – President
2. Lorenzo de Zavala, a Tejano, Vice-President
Sam Houston
• Born: March 2, 1793 near Lexington
Virginia. Grew up in Tennessee where
he developed close ties with the
Cherokees
• Fought with Andrew Jackson in Creek
wars
• Served two years in Congress
• Served as Governor of Tennessee
• Resigned and lived for 6 years with
Cherokees who adopted him
• Moved to Texas and made commanding
General of Texas Army. Defeated Santa
Anna at Battle of San Jacinto
• First President of Republic of Texas.
Served a second term as President
• After Annexation became Senator
• Opposed Texas succession in Civil War
VII. Texas Independence
H. Santa Anna led Mexican Army of several thousand into
Texas
1. Killed all 190 Texans holding mission –
Alamo
2. Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, William
Travis
3. “Remember the Alamo”
4. 300 Texans surrendered at Goliad
a. Santa Anna had them killed
General Antonio Santa Anna
Born: February 21, 1794
Military Career: Defeated Texans at 13 Day siege
of El Alamo; Defeated Texans at Goliad and
executed 300 Texans after they surrendered;
Was defeated at Battle of San Jacinto were the
Texan’s Battle cry was “Remember Goliad,
Remember the Alamo!”; Led Mexican army to
defeat in Mexican American War. Lost leg in
battle and used artificial leg that was “captured”
in Mexican American War.
Political Career: Served 11 non-consecutive terms
as President of Mexico over 22 years from1833
to 1855
Factoid: Helped bring first shipment of chicle that
is used to make chewing gum to United States.
VII. Texas Independence
I.
J.
Sam Houston led remaining forces
1. Retreated to build up his army
2. April 1836 – surprised Santa Anna near
San Jacinto River
a. Killed 630 Mexicans
b. Captured 730 including Santa
Anna
Forced Santa Anna to sign treaty granting Texas independence
VIII. Manifest Destiny
A.
B.
C.
D.
In 1840’s many Americans wanted to expand the
country
Manifest Destiny – belief U.S. should expand to Pacific
Ocean
Many Americans wanted Texas to join U.S.
1. At time, 13 slave and 13 free states
2. Texas would upset balance
3. Jackson worried about war with Mexico
Annexation of Texas didn’t happen until 1845
1. Admission of Oregon balanced slave states
IX. War with Mexico
A.
B.
C.
D.
Annexation of Texas angered Mexico
President Polk offered to give Mexico $5 million for
New Mexico and $25 million for California
1. Mexico refused
Polk determined to get New Mexico and California
1. Mexico refused to sell
2. Polk decided to fight
Sent General Zachary Taylor
1. Small battle at Rio Grande River in Texas
James K. Polk
Born: Macklenburg County NC on
November 2, 1795
• Member of Tenn. Legislature; U.S.
Representative; Speaker of the
House of Representatives; Governor
of Tennessee
• Was surprise Democratic nominee
over incumbent President Martin
Van Buren. Ran on promise of
annexation of Texas
• During his term he had second
largest expansion of American
territory with acquisition of Oregon
Territory and Territory gained under
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Chose not to run for re-election
• Died of cholera three months after
his term on June 15, 1849
Zachary Taylor
Born: November 24, 1784, in
Orange County, Virginia
• Military service: Served in War
of 1812, fought against
Seminole Indians; sent by
President Polk to establish
fortified base at mouth of Rio
Grande River.
• Became 12th President on
March 5, 1849
• Died in office on July 9, 1850
IX. War with Mexico
E.
May 13, 1846 – Congress declares war
1. One group of soldiers attacked New Mexico and
California
2. Another attacked California
a. California Citizens set up “Republic of
California”
b. In U.S. hands by Jan, 1847
3. Sent another army, under Winfield Scott, to capture
Mexico City
Republic of California
• When when war broke out
between Mexico and America
there were rumors of attack by
Mexico against California.
• Rebels captured the Mexican
Comandante of Northern
California
• William B. Ide served 25 days
as President of California
Republic
• California annexed by U.S. on
July 9, 1846
Winfield Scott
Born: 1786 near Petersburg VA
Military Service: Joined army as a
during War of 1812. He rose to
rank of Major General;
In Mexican-American War he led a
brilliant 5 month campaign from
Vera Cruz to Mexico City.
In 1852 was the Whig’s candidate for
President
Served as Commanding General of the
Army from 1841 to 1861
Called “Old Fuss and Feathers”
The Mormon Battalion
• Brigham Young sought aid for the
Mormons traveling to the Salt Lake
Valley
• In July 1846, Capt. James Allen,
with the support of Brigham Young,
approached the Mormons at Council
Bluffs for volunteers to serve in a
Battalion of 500 men.
• 530 enlisted
• They marched from Council bluffs
to California, the longest infantry
march in history
• They reached California after the
war ended
• Some of the discharged battalion
soldiers stayed in California and
were at Sutter’s Mill to discover
gold
Training Ground for the Civil War
Many of the leaders on both sides of
the Civil war served in Mexican
American War
UNION
• Ulysses S. Grant, George B.
McClellan, Ambrose Burnside,
William T. Sherman
CONFEDERATE
• Jefferson Davis (CSA President),
Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson,
James Longstreet
IX. War with Mexico
F. U.S. and Mexico signed a peace treaty on Feb. 2, 1848
1. U.S. paid $15 million
2. Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
3. Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah,
half of Colorado
4. U.S. promised to protect the rights of Mexicans
now living in U.S.
a. Many lost property when land became U.S.
Land gained in Mexican
American War