Transcript Unit 3 - Progressivism _ Imperialismx

Progressivism & Imperialism
Mr. Webster’s Class
Textbook Assignment
• For this activity, you will work with a partner, and together, you will be
assigned a few pages to read from your textbook (Ch. 11).
• Upon reading the text, you and your partner will summarize your findings in
the form of a children’s storybook. Your storybook should be written in a
way that a young child (5-year-old) could understand, and it should include
an illustration as well. It must also be based in historical fact and pertain to
the reading.
• In addition, since you are only summing up a single page’s worth of findings,
your story should be brief. It should contain at least 8 sentences however.
Titanic Assignment (worth 20 points)
• For this assignment, you are to pretend that you work for a news publication, and
you must create a headline and news report of the sinking of the Titanic.
• Your headline must grab the reader’s attention, and your news report must include
as much background information as possible (time and date of the sinking, number
of lives lost, what caused the ship to sink, how the surviving passengers were
rescued, etc.).
• You can create a fictitious name for your newspaper (i.e. Kansas City Star), or you
can use the name of an existing publication, like the New York Times.
• Your newsletter should take up both the front and back of one sheet of paper.
• The assignment is worth 20 points. I will be grading as follows: 10 points for
content accuracy, 5 points for creativity, and 5 points for structure.
Ch. 10-11 Review Assignment
• For this assignment, you will be working with a partner, and together, you must use
your textbook (Chapters 10 & 11) to create 15 questions and answers that you feel
would make good test questions. You may have up to 4 vocabulary questions, but
no true or false, fill in the blank, or multiple choice.
• You may put all of your questions and answers on the same sheet of paper, but you
must write down the page # where you got each of your questions and answers.
• Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you will submit
them to me for accuracy.
• Once each group has completed the activity, we will play a round of trivia.
• The winning team will receive a reward.
Vocabulary (Ch. 10)
• Progressivism – a reform movement that responded to the pressures of
industrialization and urbanization
• muckraker – a writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business
• Social Gospel – reform movement that sought to improve society by applying
Christian principles
• temperance movement – the movement aimed at limiting alcohol consumption
• suffrage – the right to vote
• NAACP – organization founded to abolish segregation and discrimination and to
achieve political and civil rights for African Americans
• Urban League – organization that provided relief efforts for African Americans
living in cities
Vocabulary (Ch. 11)
• imperialism – political, military, and economic domination of strong nations
over weaker territories
• jingoism – aggressive nationalism; support for warlike foreign policy
• insurrection – rebellion
• guerilla warfare – nontraditional combat methods
• sphere of influence – a region dominated and controlled by an outside power
• Queen Liliuokalani – Hawaiian queen who resented the increasing power of
white planters; overthrown in 1893
William McKinley
• William McKinley was the 25th
President of the United States
(1897-1901).
• McKinley’s presidency is often
associated with the Progressive Era
and the Spanish-American War.
• In 1901, Pres. McKinley was
assassinated by anarchist Leon
Czolgosz while visiting the PanAmerican Exposition in Buffalo,
NY.
The Roots of Imperialism
• For most of its early history,
America played a small role in world
affairs.
• In the late 1800s, this began to
change.
• The United States began to acquire
influence and territories outside its
continental borders.
• The United States was abandoning
isolationism and emerging as a new
power on the global stage.
Causes of Imperialism
• During the Age of Imperialism
(mid-1800s through early-1900s),
powerful nations attempted to
extend their influence across much
of the world.
• One reason for the rush to grab
colonies was the desire for raw
materials and natural resources.
• Imperial countries would extract raw
materials from colonies and ship
them to the home country.
Military Strength
• To expand and protect their interests
around the world, imperialist nations
built up their military strength.
• Alfred T. Mahan played a key role in
transforming the U.S. into a naval
power.
• Mahan also argued that the U.S.
needed to acquire foreign bases
where American ships could refuel
and gather fresh supplies.
Imperialism and Social Darwinism
• Imperialists around the world used
ideas of racial, national, and cultural
superiority to justify imperialism.
• Social Darwinists felt that certain
nations and races were superior to
others and therefore were destined to
rule over them.
• Prominent Americans worried that if
the United States remained isolated
while European nations gobbled up the
rest of the world, America would not
survive.
Anti-Imperialists
• Some Americans, known as antiimperialists, were opposed to the
acquisition of territories.
• Anti-imperialists believed that
imperialism violated the principle
that government must come from
the “consent of the governed.”
• Members of the Anti-Imperialist
League included Mark Twain,
Samuel Gompers, and Andrew
Carnegie.
First Steps toward Imperialism
• In 1854, Commodore Matthew
Perry negotiated a treaty that opened
Japan to trade with the U.S.
• In 1867, the U.S. took possession of
the Midway Islands.
• In 1867, the Sec. of State William
Seward brokered a deal for the U.S.
to purchase Alaska from Russia.
• Many referred to the purchase as
“Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s
Icebox.”
Hawaii
• In 1778, Capt. James Cook
“discovered” the Hawaiian islands.
• At the beginning of the 1800s,
American missionaries began settling in
Hawaii and quickly gained influence
and wealth.
• In 1893, a group of wealthy
businessmen, plantation owners, and
U.S. troops helped overthrow the
Hawaiian monarchy.
• Five years later, Hawaii was annexed by
the United States.
Cubans Rebel Against Spain
• By the end of the 1800s, Spain was an
imperial nation in decline.
• Its once vast empire had dwindled to a
small number of possessions, including
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippine Islands.
• In 1895, Cuban patriot Jose Martí
launched a war for independence from
Spain.
• Many Americans favored the Cubans,
and many were influenced by the
sensationalist headlines of William
Randolph Hearst’s newspaper.
Remember the Maine!
• In Jan. 1898, Pres. McKinley ordered
the battleship Maine to Havana harbor
to protect U.S. citizens in Cuba.
• In Feb. 1898, the USS Maine exploded
in Havana harbor. Of the 350 officers
and crew on board, 266 died.
• While the cause of the explosion
remains unclear, many Americans
blamed Spain.
• War fever gripped the nation, and
“Remember the Maine!” became a
rallying cry.
Yellow Journalism
• To boost readership, newspaper
publishers like Joseph Pulitzer and
William Randolph Hearst created
sensational headlines and
exaggerated Spanish atrocities.
• This is known as yellow journalism.
• Their stories helped fuel antiSpanish sentiment throughout the
United States.
The Spanish-American War
• On April 25, 1898, the United
States declared war on Spain.
• In the Philippines, the Americans
quickly defeated Spanish forces.
• In Cuba, Theodore Roosevelt led his
volunteer cavalry unit, known as the
Rough Riders, to victory at the
Battle of San Juan Hill.
• By August 1898, fighting had
ceased. The United States had won!
America Becomes an Imperial Power
• Under the Treaty of Paris (1898),
Spain gave up control of Cuba,
Puerto Rico, and Guam, and sold
the Philippines to the U.S.
• The United States had an empire
and a new stature in world affairs.
• The war marked a turning point in
the history of American foreign
policy.
The Philippine-American War
• After the U.S. decided to maintain
possession of the Philippines, many
Filipinos became disillusioned with
America.
• During the Philippine-American
War (1899-1902), Filipino
insurgents rebelled against U.S. rule.
• The U.S. won the conflict, but
pledged that the Philippines would
ultimately gain their independence.
This happened in 1946.
Puerto Rico
• When the Spanish-American War
ended, Puerto Rico remained under
direct U.S. military rule.
• The Foraker Act (1900) authorized the
president to appoint a governor and
part of the Puerto Rican legislature.
• Puerto Ricans could vote for the
remaining part of the legislature.
• Many Puerto Ricans were upset that
they did not have the same rights as
U.S. citizens.
Platt Amendment
• As a result of the Platt Amendment
(1903), the United States agreed to
withdraw its troops from Cuba.
• In return, Cuba agreed to allow the
U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs,
and they were required to lease land
to the U.S. to be used as a naval
station (Guantánamo Bay).
• Cuba was also prevented from
signing treaties with other nations
without American approval.
Progressivism
• Industrialization, urbanization, and
immigration brought many benefits
to America, but they also produced
challenging social problems.
• In response, a movement called
Progressivism emerged in the 1890s.
• Progressives believed that new ideas
and honest, efficient government
could bring about social justice.
• Progressives brought lasting reforms
that still affect society today.
A Variety of Issues
• Some Progressives thought that
political reform was the most urgent
need.
• Reformers targeted city officials who
built corrupt organizations, called
political machines.
• Other Progressive reformers sought
to reduce the gap between rich and
poor, and improve living conditions
in America’s crowded cities.
Muckrakers
• Socially conscious journalists and
other writers often dramatized the
need for reform.
• They were given the name
“muckrakers” as they tended to
focus on the ugliest side of things,
such as poverty, corruption, and
ruthless business practices.
• A muckrake is a tool used to clean
manure and hay out of animals’
stables.
The Progressive Platform & Social Gospel
• Progressive activists promoted laws
to improve living conditions, public
health, and schools.
• They urged government to regulate
businesses, and they lobbied to ban
child labor.
• Many reformers wanted to improve
society by applying Christian
principles. This movement was
known as the Social Gospel.
Settlement Houses
• In cities, Progressives established
settlement houses, which were
community centers that provided social
services for the urban poor.
• Jane Addams became a leading figure in
the settlement house movement.
• She is known for opening Hull House,
which was a settlement house in
Chicago.
• Religious organizations such as the
Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA) also provided services for the
urban poor.
Hazardous Working Conditions
• In the early 1900s, the U.S. had the
highest rate of industrial accidents
in the world.
• Each year some 30,000 workers died
on the job, while another 500,000
were injured.
• In March 1911, a fire at New York’s
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory shocked
Americans and focused attention on
the need to protect workers.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
• Workers in the factory had little
chance to escape the raging fire
because managers had locked most
of the exits.
• The fire killed 146 workers, most of
them young Jewish women.
• Many jumped from the windows in
desperation.
• After the blaze, New York passed
laws to make workplaces safer, and
other cities and states followed suit.
Election Reforms
• Progressives also pushed for election
reforms.
• Traditionally, it was the party leaders
who picked candidates for state and
local offices.
• With the introduction of the direct
primary, citizens themselves selected
nominees for upcoming elections.
• In 1913, the 17th Amendment
provided for direct election of
senators.
Initiatives, Referendums, and Recalls
• Progressives also worked for three other
political reforms: the initiative, the
referendum, and the recall.
• The initiative gave people the power to
put a proposed new law directly on the
ballot of the next election by collecting
citizens’ signatures on a petition.
• The referendum allowed citizens to
approve or reject laws passed by a
legislature.
• The recall gave voters the power to
remove public servants from office
before their terms ended.
Women’s Rights
• By the early 1900s, a growing number
of women wanted to do more than
fulfill their roles as wives and mothers.
• For most women however, working
outside the home meant difficult jobs
with long hours and dangerous
conditions.
• Progressive reformers helped improve
working conditions for women,
including capping the workday at 10
hours.
The Temperance Movement
• A main goal of Progressive women
was to improve family life.
• Many women joined the temperance
movement, which aimed to limit the
consumption of alcohol.
• In 1916, Margaret Sanger opened
the country’s first birth-control
clinic, which provided women with
information about family planning.
Women’s Suffrage
• One of the boldest goals of Progressive
women was suffrage.
• In 1872, Susan B. Anthony was
arrested for voting illegally.
• In the 1890s, the women’s suffrage
movement was reenergized through the
efforts of women like Carrie Chapman
Catt, Alice Paul, and Florence Kelly.
• Women were officially granted suffrage
through the Nineteenth Amendment
(ratified in 1920).
Contradictions of the Progressive Era
• The Progressive Era was not so
progressive for nonwhite and
immigrant Americans.
• Progressives tried to make the U.S. a
model society by encouraging
everyone to follow white, middleclass ways of life.
• They agreed with so-called scientific
theories that said dark-skinned
peoples had less intelligence than
whites.
Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBois
• In the face of these injustices,
Booker T. Washington urged
patience.
• Other African Americans, like
W.E.B. DuBois and William Trotter,
rejected this view.
• In 1905, DuBois and Trotter formed
the Niagara Movement, which
denounced Washington’s idea of
gradual progress.
The NAACP and the Urban League
• In 1909, white reformers joined forces
with the Niagara Movement to create
the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP).
• In 1911, the Urban League was
created.
• The NAACP helped middle-class
blacks struggle for political and social
justice, and the Urban League focused
on poorer workers living in cities.
Theodore Roosevelt
• Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President
of the United States (1901-1909).
• Roosevelt embraced Progressive ideals and
expanded the powers of the presidency.
• Roosevelt is often remembered for his
Square Deal, which aimed to keep the
wealthy and powerful from taking
advantage of small business owners and the
poor.
• He was also the inspiration behind the
“teddy bear.”
• Bio Clip
Roosevelt’s Accomplishments
• Roosevelt’s presidency is often
associated with the following laws:
• Hepburn Act - promoted fairness related
to shipping costs
• Meat Inspection Act – required federal
inspection of meat-processing plants
• Pure Food and Drug Act – placed
controls on production of foods and
medicines
• National Reclamation Act – gave federal
government the power to decide where
and how water should be distributed
• Roosevelt also enforced the Sherman
Antitrust Act and became known as a
“trustbuster.”
Roosevelt’s Love for Nature
• Roosevelt’s deep reverence for nature
also shaped his policies.
• Roosevelt set aside more than 100
million acres of forestland as federal
forests.
• Roosevelt did not believe all wild
areas should be preserved, however.
• Some wild lands held valuable
resources which Roosevelt felt
should be used.
“Big Stick” Diplomacy
• Roosevelt’s strategy for dealing with
other nations has been dubbed as
“big stick” diplomacy.
• This comes from the saying: “Speak
softly and carry a big stick; you will
go far.”
• In 1903, Roosevelt sent U.S.
warships to support a Panamanian
rebellion against Colombia.
• This helped Panama win their
independence.
The Panama Canal
• Upon achieving independence,
Panama granted America control
over a “canal zone,” which allowed
the United States to build the
Panama Canal.
• The Panama Canal was finished in
1914, and it cut some 8,000
nautical miles off the trip from the
east to west coasts of the United
States.
The Roosevelt Corollary
• The Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
updated the Monroe Doctrine and
stated that the United States would
intervene in conflicts between
European and Latin American
countries.
• Many Latin Americans resented
America’s role as the hemisphere’s
police force.
The Russo-Japanese War
• In 1904, Japan attacked a Russian
fleet stationed in China, which led
to war between the two nations.
• In 1905, Pres. Roosevelt intervened
and convinced both sides to sign a
peace treaty.
• For his efforts, Roosevelt won the
Nobel Peace Prize.
William Howard Taft
• William Taft was the 27th President of
the United States (1909-1913).
• Roosevelt’s support of Taft helped Taft
win the Election of 1908.
• When Taft did not continue the
programs and policies of Roosevelt,
Roosevelt became furious.
• He began speaking out against Taft’s
policies, left the Republican Party, and
ran for a 3rd term as the candidate of
the newly-formed Progressive Party.
The Election of 1912
• In 1912, the Republican Party split
over the issue of reform.
• Those who wanted a more active
government formed the Progressive
Party (Bull Moose Party) and
supported Roosevelt.
• Loyal Republicans supported Taft.
• The split created an opportunity for
the Democratic candidate Woodrow
Wilson to win the election.
Sinking of the Titanic
• On April 10, 1912, the Titanic
departed Southampton, England, for
New York.
• It was the ship’s maiden voyage, and the
Titanic had been declared “unsinkable.”
• At 11:40pm on April 14, the Titanic
struck an iceberg.
• By 2:20am on April 15, the ship had
broken apart and sunk into the ocean.
• Out of 2,224 passengers, only 705
survived.
• Clip
Woodrow Wilson
• Woodrow Wilson was the 28th
President of the United States
(1913-1921).
• Wilson shaped his ideas into a
program called the New Freedom,
which focused on three types of
reform: tariff, business, and
banking.
• Wilson’s presidency is often
associated with World War I.
Tariff and Banking Reform
• The Underwood Tariff Act (1913)
lowered tariffs, and included a provision to
create a graduated income tax.
• A graduated income tax means that
wealthy people pay a higher percentage of
their income than do poor people.
• The Federal Reserve Act (1913) placed
national banks under the control of a
Federal Reserve Board.
• The Federal Reserve controls the United
States’ money supply, and it became the
first national bank since the Second BUS
expired in 1836.
Business Reform
• In 1914, Wilson persuaded
Congress to create the Federal Trade
Commission, or FTC.
• The FTC monitored business
practices in an effort to prevent
monopolies, false advertising, and
dishonest labeling.
• The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
strengthened earlier antitrust laws,
and it protected labor unions from
being attacked as trusts.