Transcript WWII The Home Front

WWII THE HOMEFRONT
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
WWII Themes



Growth in size and
power of national
government
Impact of war on
society, economy, and
race relation
Were the changes
positive or negative
for the country
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Mobilization

The use of a country’s resources for the purpose of
the war effort.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Military Service (Recruitment/Draft)
Industrial Service (employment in war industry)
Raise Money (Revenue through taxation/Bonds)
Rationing
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations



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
Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Finances

Cost of WWII - $250
million per day
 (3.6
Billion dollars a
day today)
Finances – War Bonds

Cost of WWII - $250
million per day
 (3.6
Billion dollars a
day today)

Solution #1: Money
was borrowed
 1941
debt: $48 billion
 1945 debt: $247
billion
Finances – War Bonds
Finances – War Bonds
Finances - Revenue Act 1942

Solution #2:
Revenue Act of
1942
 Tax
rates for all
were increased
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Military Service - Enlistments

1941:
 1.6

million
1945:
 +15
million men and
 350,000 women
Military Service

1941:
 1.6

million
1945:
 +15
 10
million men
million drafted
 350,000
women
Military Service
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Government Control of Economy

Government Agencies
 War
Production Board
(WPB)
 Converted
economy
from civilian to military
goods
 1943 U.S. production =
Ger., It., and Jap.
Combined.
Government Control of Economy
example: Auto Industry Mobilizes

Chrysler: Tanks
 At
one Michigan plant
22,000 tanks were
built; during the war
Germany built 25,000
 The U.S. built 50,000
tanks

Ford: Jeeps and
planes
 Built
288,000 Jeeps
 By end of war, one
plane was completed
every 63 minutes
Government Control of Economy
Women in the Workforce

1941-1945: Over 6
million women entered
the workforce
Video Check Up!


How did people mobilize for the war effort?
What impact did the war have on ‘War Towns.’
Video Check Up!

How did people mobilize for the war effort?

What impact did the war have on ‘War Towns.’
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Government Control of Economy

Government Agencies
 War
Production Board
(WPB)
 Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
Government Control of Economy Office of Price Administration (OPA)




Rationed goods with
stamps
Set price controls (to
counteract war-time
inflation)
Collected recycled
material
Set National Speed
Limit: 35 mph
Government Control of Economy Office of Price Administration (OPA)
Video Check Up!


What types of goods were rationed during the
war?
How did people react to this type of rationing?
Video Check Up!


What types of goods were rationed during the
war?
How did people react to this type of rationing?
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Government Control of Economy

Government Agencies
 War
Production Board
(WPB)
 Office of Price
Administration (OPA)
 Office of Censorship
Office Censorship

Designed to promote patriotism and influence public
opinion:
 Examined
letters going overseas
 Censored casualty figures
 Photos of American war dead were prohibited for
some time

Later, the media was encouraged to publicize
accounts of Japanese atrocities vs. U.S. soldiers
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Economic Boom
Economic Boom


Average wages for all
workers at least
doubled during the
war
Unemployment was
low
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Women in the Workforce



1941-1945: Over 6
million women entered
the workforce
Many new women
workers were married
Women still
responsible for
“traditional” chores
War and the American Family

Marriages and
birthrates increased; so
did divorces
1940: 16 divorces per
100 marriages
 1944: 27 divorces per
100 marriages



High school enrollment
dropped
Rates of juvenile
delinquency increased
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Race Relations: Native Americans



About 25,000 Native
Americans served in
armed forces
Some Navajo worked
as “Code Talkers”
Many left reservations
to work at defense
plants
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
African Americans and WWII

Many Af. Americans were
conflicted about supporting
the war effort


Issue: Why oppose tyranny
abroad while southern whites
terrorized African Americans
at home.
Double V Campaign


Started by the Pittsburgh
Courier newspaper in 1942
Encouraged African
Americans to participate at
every level in winning the war
abroad, while simultaneously
fighting for their civil rights at
home.
Race Relations: African Americans

Battle Front:
 About
one million
served in armed forces
in segregated units
Race Relations: African Americans

Battle Front:

About one million served
in armed forces in
segregated units

Home Front:
Over 700,000 African
Americans left the south
and moved to urban
industrial areas in the
north
 Average wages
increased from $457 to
1,976 per year
 Racial tension developed
in some areas of the
country


Race riots took place in
several cities
FRQ Essay Drill

Analyze the home-front experiences of THREE of
the following groups during the Second World
War.
 African
Americans
 Japanese Americans
 Jewish Americans
 Mexican Americans
To Serve or Not to Serve?

The interviewees in the following clip express a
variety of opinions about whether or not African
Americans should have participated in the war
effort on the home front and battlefront. As you
watch, create a chart with each speaker’s name
along with his or her personal information, role in
the war and reasons for or against participation.
Name
-John Hope Franklin
-John Gray
-Daniel Inouye
Changes in the Military
Opinion of the War
As you watch,
create a chart
with each
speaker’s
name along
with his or her
personal
information,
role in the war
and reasons
for or against
participation.
As you watch,
create a chart
with each
speaker’s
name along
with his or her
personal
information,
role in the war
and reasons
for or against
participation.

“One of the most important results of this war
was to begin the process of integration. One
must recall that in that war, you had the
Japanese…92nd division, the Tuskegee Airmen,
the Navajo code talkers. The Filipino Americans
in Manila, the Puerto Rican regiment, the 65th
Regiment. And all of them, in their way, fought
bravely and made a heroic chapter of their
lives… And so I think the war played a major
role in civil rights. Not realizing that that was
the purpose, but, so after that, who will tell us,
no, you’re not worth to be considered
Americans? No one can tell us that to our face.“
-Daniel Inouye
Check Up!
1.
2.
3.
4.
Do you believe the Double V Campaign was on target
with their mission and goal?
How could individual African Americans best further
their own quest for equal rights during World War II?
Do you agree with John Hope Franklin who decided
that his country did not deserve his service?
Do you think that participation in the war effort would
help or hinder African Americans’ quest for civil rights
after the war?
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Hispanic Americans




In 1942, the U.S. negotiated
the Bracero program
Bracero program allowed
Mexican migrant workers to
enter the U.S. and work in
farms
U.S. farmers became
dependent upon work of
Bracero laborers
In California, some U.S.
soldiers attacked Mexican
and Mexican American youth
during the “Zoot Suit” riots.
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Japanese Americans



Following the attacks on
Pearl Harbor many
blamed JapaneseAmericans
Some called for
incarceration of all those
of Japanese ancestor
living in the U.S.
Executive Order 9066

Created military exclusion
zones. Areas in which any
or all persons may be
excluded.
Executive Order 9066

Executive Order 9066
Created military
exclusion zones. Areas in
which any or all persons
may be excluded.
 About 110,000
Japanese Americans
were relocated into
Internment Camps



2/3 were U.S. citizens
Most camps were
located in remote parts
of the West
Locations of Internment Camps


And when we went to the
internment camp, guard towers,
double security fence and all that,
I really wondered what’s going to
happen to us. You know, that this is
just the beginning and they may
very well send us back to Japan.
And that, to me, was horrible. I, in
my heart, knew my loyalty belongs
to America. I went to school,
pledged allegiance every morning
in grammar school. And for me to
think that I may be sent to Japan
was horrendous. And so that was
sort of a nightmare.
—Susumu Satow,

Check Up!

Camp or Prison? What do you think?
Check Up!
1.
2.
3.
Why do you think that only Japanese
Americans were effected by Ex. Order 9066?
Why do you think Americans didn’t protest to
Japanese internment camps?
Was the gov. justified in sending Japanese
Americans to relocations camps?
Korematsu vs. United states

The Case:
 Fred
Korematsu sued
the national
government over his
forced relocation to an
internment camp.
 In 1944 the Supreme
Court agreed to hear
the case.
Check Up!

Each member in the group is to research one of the
following topics. You will have ten minutes to do so.
 Writ
of Habeas Corpus
 List of civil rights
 Presidential Powers

After you have done so compare your notes, and
consider the case of Korematsu vs. United states.
Did the president have the constitutional authority to
remove people of Japanese Ancestry from certain
areas of the country?
Research Says!
Habeas Corpus
Civil Rights
Presidential Powers
Korematsu vs. United states

The Case:
 Fred
Korematsu sued
the national
government over his
forced relocation to an
internment camp.
 In 1944 the Supreme
Court agreed to hear
the case.

The Decision:
 The
Supreme Court
upheld the Internment
stating that need to
protect against
espionage outweighed
an individual’s rights,
and the rights of
Americans of Japanese
descent.
Japanese Interment: Long Term Impact



Japanese Americans lost
businesses and homes to
foreclosure while in
relocation camps.
A Government
Commission issued a
formal apology in 1982
In 1988 Congress
awarded each surviving
internee $20,000


Check Up!
Was this a sufficient
apology for what had
been done?
Check Up!
To What extent has the United States limited civil
liberties during times of war?
 Quasi War with France
 Civil War
 World War I
 World War II
Check Up!
To What extent has the United States limited civil liberties
during times of war?
 Quasi War with France - Alien and Sedition Act –
Kentucky and Virginia Resolution
 Civil War – Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
and Emancipation Proclamation
 World War I – Espionage Act and Sedition Act Schenck v. United States
 World War II – Executive Order 9066 –Korematsu v.
United States
WWII The Home Front
1941-1945


Introduction
Mobilization



Financing the War
Military Service
Government Control




Society/Economy



Jobs/Economic Boom
Women/Families
Race Relations





Industrial Service
Rationing
Office of Censorship
Native Americans
African Americans
Hispanic Americans
Japanese Americans
Conclusion
Conclusion

The United States was
impacted tremendously
by involvement in WWII
Size and power of U.S.
Government grew
 Economy
 Society
 Race Relations


Overall, were these
change positive of
negative for the
country?
Websites of Interest






FDR
American Home Front
World War II Poster
Collection
Race Riots – PBS
Zoot Suit Riots
Rationing
Source

http://college.cengag
e.com/history/lecturep
oints/index.html