Transcript SOL 7 Civil War and Reconstruction

Reconstruction
1865 - 1877
The Three Major Points of
Reconstruction
• The national debate over Reconstruction
centered on three questions:
• On what terms should the defeated
Confederacy be reunited with the
Union?
• Who should establish these terms,
Congress or the President?
• What should be the place of the former
slaves in the political life of the South?
Setting the Scene
(Devastation of the South)
•
1. Human losses: 1/4 of the Southern
men died – 260,000 Confederate
soldiers; another 190,000 were
wounded.
2. The economic structure was
destroyed.
3. Much of the best agricultural land in
Virginia, Tennessee, Mississippi,
Georgia, and South Carolina was
destroyed.
4. Many major cities were in ruin
(Richmond, Atlanta, Columbia.)
5. Cotton crop was destroyed as the
retreating Confederates burned most
crops to prevent capture by federal
troops. The remaining cotton was
confiscated by Union agents as
contraband of war.
6. The slaves were freed. $1.5 billion
of the South’s economic capital
“slaves”, was gone.
7. Farm values diminished 41%.
Richmond Virginia Lies in Ruins
(1865)
• Destruction of Civilian
Property and loss of
non-combatant lives
were part of the cost
required by General
Grants Total Warfare
Tactics
The Confederate Capital and the
Desolation of War
• The South was in ruin
and the cotton
economy broke.
• People and Property
were easy pickings for
Northern
Carpetbaggers and
their southern friends
called scalawags
The Southern Attitude and the
Lost Cause
• While some white Southerners saw the
destruction of the Confederacy as punishment,
others came to view the war as the Lost Cause
and would not allow the memory of the Civil
War to die. The myth of the Lost Cause was a
need to rationalize and justify the devastation
and loss of life; it forged community in a time
of uncertainty about the future. In this
mythology, African Americans were cast in the
role of adversaries who challenged whites’
belief of their own racial superiority.
Setting the Scene
(Prosperity rules the North)
The Civil War produced quite different results in
the North than in the South. Away from the
ravages of battle, there was little rebuilding to
do. Besides that, the Northern economy
actually benefited from the conflict. There
were new markets for products used by the
Union Army. Northern factories were
producing more than ever before. Booming
factories meant that bankers and investors
were making profits. This money supported
new inventions and better ways to produce
goods
Northern Invention and
Innovation
•
New technologies sprouted
from this period of growth.
While the Civil War was in
progress, Cyrus Fields of
Massachusetts developed the
first trans-Atlantic telegraph
cable. The cable was laid on the
ocean floor in 1866. At this
same time, Christopher Sholes
invented the typewriter.
Alexander Bell developed the
telephone, testing it
successfully in 1876. Thomas
Edison was experimenting with
the phonograph and the light
bulb. Both these inventions
were made public in the 1870s
as well.
Steel production leads to better
Transportation
•
During the war, the need for
weapons and other metal
products had caused a boost in
steel production. Raw materials
were plentiful. Now, mining and
refining of metals became the
backbone of Northern industry.
Transportation was
improving as well. The last
spike connecting East and West
via the Transcontinental
Railroad was driven in 1869. In
fact, the volume of U.S.
railroads doubled from 18601873. Railways and waterways
brought raw materials to
factories and sent
manufactured items to market
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Abraham Lincolns Plan for
Reconstruction
• Lincoln conceived the
plan in 1863.
– It called for:
– 1. Amnesty – if you took
the loyalty oath
– 2. Readmission of a state if
10% of those voting in 1860
took the loyalty oath and
agreed to emancipation
– 3. The President to control
Reconstruction
The Radical Republican Plan in
1863/1864
• In 1862 Benjamin Wade and Henry Winter
Davis, sponsored a bill that provided for the
administration of the affairs of southern states
by provisional governors until the end of the
war.
– They argued that civil government should only be
re-established when half of the male white citizens
took an oath of loyalty to the Union.
– The Wade-Davis Bill was passed on 2nd July,
1864, but Abraham Lincoln refused to sign it.
– He held it for 10 days and as Congress was not in
session he was able to Pocket Veto the Bill
Other provisions of the WadeDavis Bill
• The bill, sponsored by senators Benjamin F. Wade and Henry W.
Davis, provided for the appointment of provisional military
governors in the seceded states. When a majority of a state's
white citizens swore allegiance to the Union, a constitutional
convention could be called.
– Each state's constitution was to be required to abolish slavery,
repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from
voting or holding office.
– In order to qualify for the franchise, a person would be required
to take an oath that he had never voluntarily given aid to the
Confederacy.
– President Abraham Lincoln's pocket veto of the bill presaged the
struggle that was to take place after the war between President
Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress.
What the Freed Slaves wanted for
themselves and their children
• Former slaves wanted to be free of white supervision;
they also desired land, voting and civil rights, and
education. At the end of the Civil War, African Americans
had reason to hope their dreams might be achieved
through such actions as the establishment of the
Freedmen’s Bureau. The vast majority of former slaves
were never able to realize their dreams of independent
land ownership and continued to work as farm laborers;
others migrated to cities. Their religious faith inspired
them; they saw their emancipation in Biblical terms and
the church became the primary focus of the African
American community.
Freedman Expectations
• Many former slaves believed that their
years of unrequited labor gave them a
claim to land; "forty acres and a mule"
became their rallying cry. White
reluctance to sell to blacks, and the
federal government's decision not to
redistribute land in the South, meant
that only a small percentage of the
freed people became landowners. Most
rented land or worked for wages on
white-owned plantations.
African Americans found their
Civic Lives in the Church
• The Church became
the place were African
Americans met to
discuss not only
religion, but political
issues such as
education for their
children and land
reform to ensure their
economic success
Freedman’s Schools
• During reconstruction, the
Freedman's Bureau,
missionary societies, and
blacks themselves
established over 3,000
schools in the South, laying
the foundation for public
education in the region.
Many young men and
women who attended
freedman's schools became
teachers who instructed the
next generation.
Black higher Education
• during Reconstruction.
Numerous Black colleges
and institutes were also
established. Howard, Fisk,
the Hampton Institute, and
the Tuskegee Institute
were just a few. The
Freedmen's
• Bureau established
schools and training
facilities throughout the
South to assist Blacks in
their transition from
slavery to freedmen.
What is the Freedman’s Bureau
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The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands was established in March 3,
1865 after two years of bitter debate. The Freedmen Bureau, as it was commonly called,
was to address all matters concerning refugees and freedmen within the states that were
under reconstruction.
In the beginning, the Freedmen's Bureau did not suffer from lack of funding. The
Bureau sold and rented lands in the South which had been confiscated during the war.
However, President Johnson undermined the Bureau's funding by returning all lands to
the pre-Civil War owners in 1866.
After this point, freed slaves lost access to lands and the Bureau lost its primary source
funding.
What the Freedman’s Bureau
achieved
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Despite the many criticisms, the Freedmen's Bureau did help African-Americans gain
access to the rights that they were denied during slavery. This site will address four of
these rights.
Social Services
The Freedmen's Bureau helped black communities to establish schools and churches.
Under slavery, blacks had been denied the right to education and religion.
Violence and Justice
The Freemen's Bureau monitored the civil authorities in cases that involved AfricanAmericans. Initially, the Freedmen's Bureau conducted its own court of law when it was
illegal for a black to testify in court in the majority of Southern sates.
Labor and Contracts
The labor system of the South had to be completely restructured after the war. Many
former slave owners attempted to trick former slaves into entering contracts under the
same terms as under the slavery system. The Freedmen's Bureau acted on the behalf of
blacks to negotiate fair contracts for labor and property.
Family Services
Freedom offered blacks the opportunity to establish a firm family structure. The
Freedmen's Bureau acted as a clearinghouse of information to aide blacks in finding lost
relatives and mediated domestic disputes.
Lincolns Death
• The assassination of President Lincoln by John
Wilkes Booth April 14th 1865 was the worst thing
that could have happened to the South.
– Lincoln had wanted to let the South up easy and was
able to control the Radical Republican Congress
– His replacement Vice- President Andrew Johnson was
going to aggravate Congress and ultimately fail to keep
Presidential control over reconstruction.
– The Radical Republican Plan would be back on the
table
Johnson’s Plan for
Reconstruction
• Johnson modified Lincoln’s Plan
– Amnesty –if you took the loyalty oath, but not
if you owned more than $20,000 + property
– President appoints provisional governors who
called for conventions to renounce secession,
pay war debts, and ratify the 13th amendment
Johnson feared social change and reform, he was
Pro-states rights, pro-workingman. He was
against the southern aristocracy (landowners)
Andrew Jackson
•
Lincoln's successor, Andrew
Johnson, in 1865 put into effect
his own Reconstruction plan,
which gave the white South a
free hand in establishing new
governments. Many
Northerners became convinced
that Johnson's policy, and the
actions of the governments he
established, threatened to
reduce African Americans to a
condition similar to slavery,
while allowing former "rebels"
to regain political power in the
South.
Reasons he was seen poorly by Radicals and other
Northerners. He was a Democrat, he was inflexible
And stubborn, he suffered from a feeling of
Inferiority to the great Congressional leaders
Johnson Veto’s the Freedman’s
Bill
• When Congress
attempted to renew
and increase the
powers of the
Freemen's Bureau in
February, 1866, the
proposed bill was
vetoed by Andrew
Johnson.
• An Amended Bill was
passed over his Veto
Civil Rights Act of 1866
A part of this Civil Rights
Act was the 14th Amendment
Which was ratified in 1868.
It did the following:
Defined Citizenship, Prohibited
the states from denying national
rights, Prohibited states from
allowing due process of law,
Prevented-Confederate
Government officials
from voting
• Andrew Johnson’s
Presidential Veto of
the Civil Rights Act of
(1866) was overturned
when Congress passed
it again with the 2/3
vote necessary in both
houses to overturn the
Veto by a President
Johnson’s Policies seem to give
the southern states to much
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In May 1865, President Andrew
Johnson offered a pardon to all
white Southerners except
Confederate leaders and
wealthy planters (although
most of these later received
individual pardons), and
authorized them to create new
governments.
Blacks were denied any role in
the process. Johnson also
ordered nearly all the land in
the hands of the government
returned to its prewar owners - dashing black hope for
economic autonomy
Black Codes
(A new form of slavery)
•
The status of the Negro was the
focal problem of Reconstruction.
Slavery had been abolished by
the Thirteenth Amendment, but
the white people of the South were
determined to keep the Negro in
his place, socially, politically, and
economically. This was done by
means of the notorious "Black
Codes," passed by several of the
state legislatures. Northerners
regarded these codes as a revival
of slavery in disguise. The first
such body of statutes, and probably
the harshest, was passed in
Mississippi in November 1865.
Black Codes
Andrew Johnson gave the
Southern States to much freedom
to run their own governments
and did little to prevent the freedmen
from falling under the tyranny of the
Black Codes passed by the
Southern Legislatures filled with
former Confederates
• The new legislatures
passed the Black Codes,
severely limiting the
former slaves' legal
rights and economic
options so as to force
them to return to the
plantations as dependent
laborers. Some states
limited the occupations
open to blacks. None
allowed any blacks to
vote, or provided public
funds for their education.
How to Ensure that the South
would have cheap labor
The black codes enacted immediately after the American
Civil War, though varying from state to state, were all
intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labor, and
all continued to assume the inferiority of the freed slaves.
There were vagrancy laws that declared a black to be
vagrant if unemployed and without permanent residence;
a person so defined could be arrested, fined, and bound
out for a term of labor if unable to pay the fine.
Apprentice laws provided for the “hiring out” of orphans
and other young dependents to whites, who often turned
out to be their former owners.
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State's White Citizens
South Carolina
291,000
Freedmen
411,000
Mississippi
353,000
436,000
Louisiana
357,000
350,000
Georgia
591,000
465,000
Alabama
596,000
437,000
Virginia
719,000
533,000
North Carolina
631,000
331,000
For the
White
Southerners
it was a
matter of
not wanting
to share
power with
Blacks
Terror and Torture
(Intimidation used to end Black Rights)
• In December of 1865,
Congress passed the
Thirteenth Amendment to
the Constitution,
abolishing slavery. That
same month, a group of
ex-Confederate soldiers in
Tennessee met to form a
secret society of white
men, dedicated to resisting
laws giving blacks the
same rights as whites.
• This was the birth of the
1st incarnation of the Klu
Klux Klan.
The Klan
• the Klan went further. Members wore white robes with hoods to hide
their faces. Playing on the idea that African Americans were
superstitious, Klan members sometimes claimed to be ghosts of dead
Confederate soldiers.
• The Klan, and many other groups like it against African American
political power, used terrorist tactics. Coming out at night in their
white robes and sometimes carrying fiery torches, Klan members beat
and murdered people whom they opposed. Hanging by the neck from a
tree was a common method of lynching opponents.
• White targets of these groups included southern-born white
Republicans, called "scalawags," and people from the North called
"carpetbaggers," who came south to make a profit during
Reconstruction. Carpetbaggers traveled with all their possessions in a
suitcase made of carpet material. They usually sought political office
by gaining the votes of newly freed blacks.
Political Cartoon responding to
the New Orleans Massacre
•
(July 1866), after the American
Civil War, incident of white
violence directed against black
urban dwellers in Louisiana; the
event was influential in focusing
public opinion in the North on the
necessity of taking firmer measures
to govern the South during
Reconstruction. With the
compliance of local civilian
authorities and police, whites in
late July killed 35 New Orleans
black citizens and wounded more
than 100. This race riot was similar
to many others throughout the
South and, together with the
establishment of the highly
restrictive black codes, helped win
a commanding majority for the
Radical Republicans and their
vigorous Reconstruction policies in
the November 1866 national
elections.
Elections of 1866
• President Johnson spent many hours campaigning
against the Radical Republicans. He thought he
could gain acceptance of his policies by the voters.
• He was wrong.
– The Radical Republicans won a 2/3 majority in both
houses, won every state legislature in the North
– The people had clearly rejected Andrew Johnson
– The transition to Radical Republican Reconstruction
began immediately
Impeachment Trial of President
Johnson
• Johnson's vetoes of
Reconstruction
legislation and
opposition to the
Fourteenth
Amendment
alienated most
Republicans. In
1868, he came
within one vote of
being removed from
office by
impeachment
Andrew Johnson is ruined by the
Impeachment and never is able to recover his
power as the President
Congressional Reconstruction
• Between 1866 and 1869, Congress enacted
new laws and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing
blacks' civil rights and giving black men the
right to vote.
• These measures for the first time enshrined in
American law the principle that the rights of
citizens could not be abridged because of race.
And they led directly to the creation of new
governments in the South elected by blacks as
well as white - America's first experiment in
interracial democracy.
Congress’ Plan
• The year following the Civil War, congress passed the Civil Rights act
of 1866. It was subsequently vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress,
however, overrode his veto and immediately passed the 14th
Amendment due in part to Johnson's resistance. The purpose of both
measures involved the rights of persons born or naturalized in the
United States, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws." With exception to Tennessee, all Southern states refused to
ratify the amendment. Congress than passed the Reconstruction Act,
which prohibited these states from participating in Congress until they
passed the measure and revised their own state constitutions.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Divided the South into five military district
– Military Governors would determine who were eligible
voters
• The Southern States would not have rule over
themselves, but rather the North would occupy
them and determine the structure of any new
governments that were created
– Passed over Johnson’s Veto
– Military Governors registered 703,000 Blacks and
627,00 Whites
– Conventions were called to write new state
constitutions with 13,14,15 Amendments included
Northern Military Occupation of
the South
The Tenure of Office Act
• Congress in order to protect the Radical
Republican Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
passed this act that prevented the President
from removing any cabinet official without
Congress’s approval.
– It was passed over Johnson’s Veto
• It was this Law which President Johnson
would break and be Impeached for.
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15 Amendment
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In 1870, another Civil Rights Act
was passed, and was immediately
followed by the 15th Amendment "the right of citizens of the United
States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of race, color
or previous conditions of
servitude."
At the start of Reconstruction,
nearly 90% of Blacks lived in the
South. In many cities and towns
throughout the South, Blacks were
in the majority. As a result of 15th
amendment, many Blacks were
elected to prominent offices in the
South.
• Seventeen Blacks were
elected to serve in the U.
S. House of
Representatives and the U.
S. Senate. Blanche K.
Bruce and Hiram Revels
from Mississippi were the
first Blacks to be elected
to the U. S. senate. Bruce
served a full term, while
Revels only served a year
and a half. All of these
elected officials were
Republicans.
1868
The South Carolina General
Assembly convenes with 85
black and 70 white
representatives; a product
of Reconstruction, it is the
first state legislature with
a black majority.
• The last of the Reconstruction legislation was the
Civil Rights Act of 1875, "Whereas, it is essential
to just government we recognize the equality of all
men before the law, and hold that it is the duty of
government in its dealings with the people to mete
out equal and exact justice to all of whatever
nationality, race, color, or persuasion, religious or
political; and it being the appropriate object of
legislation to enact great fundamental principles
of law." The act was short lived. In 1883, the
Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional.
• Out of the conflicts
on the plantations,
new systems of labor
slowly emerged to
take the place of
slavery.
Sharecropping
dominated the
cotton and tobacco
South, while wage
labor was the rule on
sugar plantations.
The Federal Government acts against the Klan
but losses it desire to compel Southerners to
accept Black equality
• In 1871 and 1872, federal marshals, assisted by U. S.
troops, brought to trial scores of Klansmen, crushing
the organization. But the North's commitment to
Reconstruction soon waned. Many Republicans came to
believe that the South should solve its own problems
without further interference from Washington. Reports
of Reconstruction corruption led many Northerners to
conclude that black suffrage had been a mistake. When
anti-Reconstruction violence erupted again in Mississippi
and South Carolina, the Grant administration refused to
intervene.
The Lost Cause Myth
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The Confederate soldiers not
only fought a noble battle of
honor in the name of liberty, they
also fought a better fight than the
enemy. They were defeated only
by overwhelming numbers and
resources as Robert E. Lee told his
grieving soldiers at Appomattox.
Southern whites were the victims
of the War of Northern
Aggression which attempted to
rob Southerners of their liberty.
Surviving Southerners like
Jefferson Davis created the Lost
Cause myth to help southern whites
deal with the shattering reality of a
catastrophic defeat in a war they
felt certain they would win
These Issues were solved by the
Civil War
Yes or No
1.
The unresolved issues of the Revolutionary War and Constitutional
ratification were resolved by the end of the Civil War: the fragile republican
experiment based upon a popularly-elected government could survive and
become a nation; a nation divided against itself - half free and half slave could not survive!
2.
Federalism, not anti-federalism, would reign. The US was not a voluntary
union of sovereign states, but a single nation in which the federal
government took precedence over the individual states. Before the War, the
United States was used as a plural noun - the United States are. After the
War, the United States was used as a singular noun - the United States is.
Presidential Election of 1876
The Compromise of 1877
(How the Republicans retained the Presidency)
• Troops will be recalled from the statehouse
property in the three states.
• Funds will be provided to build the Texas and
Pacific Railroad.
• A southerner will be appointed as Postmaster
General.
• Funds will be appropriated to rebuild the economy
in the South.
• The solution to the race problem will be left to the
state governments.
The Republicans turn their backs on African
Americans and give away all the gains won
during the Civil War
• The tacit agreement between Southern and Northern
whites was that the South was now free to work out its
own resolution to race relations. The price of sectional
reconciliation was that the dream that former slaves
held of economic independence and equality would not
materialize. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments
were bright spots in the legacy of Reconstruction; the
overwhelming majority of African Americans had
become landless agricultural workers eking out a
meager income that merchants and landlords often
snatched to cover debts. For most, Reconstruction was
a failed promise.
Effects resulting from the end of
Reconstruction
• After more than fifteen years of Reconstruction,
Republicans lost interest in policing their former
enemies. By 1877 the Redeemers had triumphed, all
the former Confederate states had returned to the
Union in the Compromise of 1877 following the disputed
1876 presidential election. Southern states now had all
of their rights and many of their leaders restored to preCivil War conditions. Freed slaves remained in mostly
subservient positions with few of the rights and
privileges enjoyed by other Americans.
The New South
(Post Reconstruction)
Life for the Free African American
The Mississippi Plan
• In 1890, Mississippi’s constitution was
changed to ban blacks from holding office
in order to purify Mississippi Politics.
The Grandfather Clause
• Simply put the State of Louisiana took the
lead on this legislation which was copied all
over the south.
– If your Grandfather had not been registered to
vote in 1867 or even as far back as 1860 in
some southern states you could not vote.
Jim Crow Law
• This was a system of laws put in place in all
the southern states to ensure the separation
and segregation of the races in all aspects of
life.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
• A supreme court ruling in 1896 which said
that “Separate but Equal” on railroad cars
conformed to the 14th amendment guarantee
of equal protection.
– This decision then became the basis for
justifying all segregation laws and polices in
education, transportation, housing, etc.
Review for Reconstruction
• A derogatory term applied to Northerners who settled
in the South after the Civil War.__________________
• The status of working a piece of land in return for a
portion of the crops.___________________________
• The Congressional legislation designed to limit the
authority of President Andrew Johnson by preventing
him from firing any of his Cabinet officers.
___________________________________________
• Southern state laws passed during Reconstruction to
impose restrictions on the rights of former
slaves.____________________________________
• The initial Congressional plan for Reconstruction
which was vetoed by President
Lincoln._______________________________________
• A government agency during Reconstruction that provided
schools, medical aid, and other services for people freed from
slavery.___________________
• A negative term used to describe Southern Unionists who
supported Republican state governments during
Reconstruction._____________________
• Northern Republican politicians who generally wanted not only to
punish the ex-Confederate leaders, but also to help the freed slaves
fulfill their goals.______________________________
• Taking away the right to vote from those who already have
it._____________________________________
• A state tax collected from voters at each election center which is
now prohibited by the 24th.
Amendment._________________________________________
• This Jim Crow law restricted blacks from voting if their
grandfathers could not vote before
1867._____________________________________________
Review Sheet
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Prohibited denial of the right to vote because of race.______________
Prohibited slavery in the United States.Defined citizenship and said that a
state's representation could be reduced if it interfered with a citizen's
equal protection under the law. ___________________________________
Agreement that removed all federal troops from the South.
____________________
Set easy terms for the states to form new governments and send
representatives to Congress. _____________________________________
Said that any Confederate state could form a new government if 10% of
voters from 1860 took an oath of loyalty. ___________________________
Dissolved the governments of all the Confederate states except Tennessee
and divided the remaining Southern states into five districts Required that
a majority of a state's 1860 voters in a Southern state would have to swear
allegiance to the US to be readmitted._______________________________
Practice Questions
• The agency that supplied
food, education,
transportation, and medical
services to African
Americans was the
__________.
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• a. Society of Free Men
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• b. Fisk Society
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• c. Freedmen’s Bureau
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• d. Agency of Freedom
• The __________
Amendment abolished
slavery.
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• a. Thirteenth
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• b. Fourteenth
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• c. Fifteenth
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• d. Sixteenth
Practice Questions
• The __________
Amendment granted full
citizenship to all individuals
born in the United States.
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• a. Thirteenth
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• b. Fourteenth
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• c. Fifteenth
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• d. Sixteenth
• The __________
Amendment prohibited state
and federal governments
from denying the right to vote
to any male citizen because
of “race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.”
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• a. Thirteenth
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• b. Fourteenth
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• c. Fifteenth
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• d. Sixteenth
Practice Questions
• The first African American to
serve in the U.S. Senate was
__________.
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• a. Thaddeus Stevens
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• b. Blanche K. Bruce
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• c. Frederick Douglass
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• d. Hiram Revels
• President __________
declared the end of
Reconstruction.
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• a. Grant
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• b. Hayes
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• c. Tilden
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• d. Cleveland
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Practice Questions
• The Supreme Court case
which established the
doctrine of “separate but
equal” was __________.
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• a. Marbury v. Madison
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• b. Dred Scott
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• c. Brown v. Topeka Board of
Education
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• d. Plessy v. Ferguson
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Unlike the Radical Republicans’
plan for Reconstruction,
President Lincoln’s plan
__________.
a. aimed to transform Southern
society
b. required a majority of a
state’s electorate to take a
loyalty oath as a condition for
the state’s readmission
c. addressed the plight of freed
African Americans
d. promoted a moderate policy
Practice Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Which of the following had the
GREATEST impact on the
South’s agricultural economy
following the Civil War?
a. the emancipation of
enslaved African Americans
b. the ruin of the South’s
transportation system
c. the destruction of Southern
cities and villages
d. the collapse of the
Confederate dollar
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Johnson’s restoration program
enraged Radical Republicans
because it __________.
a. allowed former Confederate
states to organize new
governments
b. allowed the election of
former Confederate officers and
political leaders to Congress
c. required former Confederate
states to ratify the Thirteenth
Amendment
d. required former Confederate
states to reject all Civil War
Practice Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What event signaled the end of
Reconstruction?
a. Democrats won control of
the House of Representatives in
1874.
b. President Hayes pulled
federal troops out of the South.
c. The Whiskey Ring scandal
hurt Republican power.
d. Liberal Republicans left the
Republican Party to side with
Southern Democrats.
• Who provided the financial
backing to introduce industry
into the “New South”?
•
• a. wealthy Southerners
•
• b. Western farmers
•
• c. the British government
•
• d. Northern financiers
Practice Questions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Terms of the Military
Reconstruction Act included all
of the following EXCEPT
__________.
a. dividing the South into five
military districts
b. placing union officers in
charge in the South
c. requiring former Confederate
states to ratify the Fourteenth
Amendment
d. requiring Senate approval of
the removal of any government
official
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Which is TRUE about life in the
“New South”?
a. African Americans retained
the rights they had won after the
Civil War.
b. The region developed
quickly from an agrarian society
to an industrial economy.
c. The practice of
sharecropping left many African
Americans trapped in economic
bondage.
d. After Reconstruction,
Southern society was
completely restored.
Practice Questions
_____The Compromise of 1877
A. effectively ended
Reconstruction, as federal
troops were withdrawn from the
South and Hayes was named
president
B. gave the presidency to
Tilden, the Democratic
candidate
C. was the first time a
presidential election had been
disputed
D. was a huge victory for the
Freedmen's Bureau and other
agencies that had fought for the
rights of the ex-slaves
_______The impeachment of
Andrew Johnson
A. resulted in his conviction and
removal from the office of
president
B. was organized by Radical
Republican opponents who saw
him as interfering with
Reconstruction
C. resulted in a vote of acquittal
with a huge majority of senators
favoring Johnson
D. was the only time in
American history that a
president has faced
impeachment
Practice Questions
____The Ku Klux Klan was
organized in the period following
the Civil War
A. by former Union soldiers who
remained in the South
B. to oppose Jews, Catholics,
and foreigners
C.as a vigilante group to harass
Republicans and AfricanAmericans, particularly those
who were economically
successful
D. with the full support of the
Republican Party
______Lincoln's plan for
Reconstruction
A. was fully adopted by the
Congress following his death
B.was intended to bring
Southern states back into
the Union quickly
C.was supported by Radical
Republicans because of its
kind treatment of the South
D. included the institution of
Black Codes in the South
Practice Questions
• The South was
economically
devastated by the
Civil War.
• A. True
B. False
• The focus of black
community life after
emancipation
became the black
church.
• A. True
B. False
Practice Questions
_____The Black Codes passed by
many of the Southern state
governments in 1865 aimed to
•
_____The congressional elections
of 1866 resulted in
•
A. provide economic assistance
to get former slaves started as
sharecroppers.
B. ensure a stable and
subservient labor force under
white control.
C. permit blacks to vote if they
met certain educational or
economic standards.
D. gradually force blacks to
leave the South.
A. a victory for Johnson and his
pro-Southern Reconstruction
plan.
B. a further political stalemate
between the Republicans in
Congress and Johnson.
C. a decisive defeat for Johnson
and a veto-proof Republican
Congress.
D. a gain for Northern
Democrats and their moderate
compromise plan for
Reconstruction.
Practice Questions
• ___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
1. Andrew Johnson
2. Black Codes
3. Freedmen's Bureaus
4. 13th Amendment
5. 14thAmendment
6. 15th Amendment
7. Ku Klux Klan
8. Carpetbaggers
9. Radical Republicans
a. passed tough laws for the South to come back into the Union
b. Northerners who ran Southern governments
c. became President when Lincoln was killed
d. frightened away Black voters and beat them
e. gave food, clothing and medical care to ex-slaves
f. kept Blacks from getting their rights
g. gave the right to vote to all Black males over the age of 21
h. made slavery unconstitutional
i. Blacks were made citizens of the United States