Transcript Topic VIII Growth of the United States The Industrial Revolution

Topic VIII
Growth of the United States
The Industrial Revolution

Period of time where machines replaced handmade
tools and new sources of power such as steam, water,
and wind replaced human and animal power.
 The Industrial Revolution began in England in the
mid-1700s.
 New inventions led to a new way of producing goods.
 Example: 1764 – James Hargreaves developed the
spinning jenny which could spin several threads at
once.
Samuel Slater
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Samuel Slater was a skilled mechanic in a British textile mill
who heard the Americans were offering rewards for those who
could help design textile mills.
 Textile: a cloth, especially one manufactured by weaving or
knitting; a fabric or Fiber or yarn for weaving or knitting into
cloth
 In 1789 he left England and traveled to the United States
having memorized plans for a textile factory.
 Slater helped Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist, who had a
mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
 Capitalist – a person who invests in a business in order to
make a profit.
 By 1793, he developed the first successful textile mill in the
US which was powered by water
Eli Whitney
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an American inventor who
proposed the concept of
interchangeable parts.
 All machine made parts would
be alike which saves time and
money
 Invented the cotton gin (engine)
which separated cotton seeds
from its fibers
 Invention of the cotton gin led
to a swift growth (or boom) in
cotton production
Lowell, Massachusetts
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Francis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant, found a
way to improve on British textile mills.
 He created a mill which combined spinning and
weaving under one roof. After his death, his partners
built an entire factory town and named it after him.
 To work in their new mills, the company hired young
women from nearby farms. They were called “Lowell
Girls.”
 In Lowell and other towns, companies hired mostly
women and children because they could pay them
low wages.
Lowell, Massachusetts
The mills of Lowell,
Massachusetts are wellknown for employing
large numbers of women.
In the 1840s, nearly half
the female population of
Lowell worked in the
mills. Each mill employed
a few hundred people.
This trade card for the
Merrimack Manufacturing
Co. shows women
working at the clothmaking machines.
Daily Life in the Factories
child labor – boys and girls as young as
seven worked in factories.
 long hours – 12 hours a day, six days a
week.
 changes in home life – more family
members left the home; role of women
changed.
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American Cities
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Many people left farms to work in factories. Older
cities grew rapidly while new ones sprang up around
factories.
 The movement of the population from farms to cities
is called urbanization.
 Hazards – dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholes
when it rained, no sewers, garbage in the streets,
disease, overcrowding, etc.
 Attractions – theaters, museums, and circuses became
popular.
2000 U.S. population density within each county, in persons per sq.
mile (lower 48 states only): Light to dark (yellow to blue): 1-4 (y), 5-9
(lt. green), 10-24 (teal), 25-49 (dk. teal), 50-99 (blue-green), 100-249
(blue), 250-66,995 (black).
Transportation Improvements
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Flat Boats – or flat-bottom boats, which were
well-suited to the shallow waters of the Ohio
River
Transportation Improvements
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Roads
 Turnpikes - private companies built gravel
and stone roads. To pay for the roads,
companies collected tolls from travelers.
Lancaster Turnpike
First important
turnpike in America.
Also the first longdistance stone and
gravel road in the
country. Chartered in
1792 and completed
in 1795, it ran 62 miles
from Philadelphia to
Lancaster and gave
travelers an easier
way to reach the
Northwest Territory.
Transportation Improvements
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Roads (continued)
 National Road (or Cumberland Road) was
built by the federal government between 1811
and 1839. The road stretched from Maryland
to Illinois
National Road
Transportation Improvements
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Steamboat
 John Fitch – showed
members of the
Constitutional
Convention how a
steam engine could
power a boat (1787)
 Robert Fulton –
launched a steamboat
in 1807 called the
Clermont on the
Hudson River.
Transportation Improvements
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Steam Locomotive
 In 1829, a steam
powered locomotive
called the “Rocket”
was developed. It
could travel up to 30
miles per hour.
Transportation Improvements

Canal – artificial channel filled with water that
allows boats to cross a stretch of land
Erie Canal - canal which linked the Great
Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson rivers.
Impact on the United States
Encouraged trade
 Provided links between the “East” and the
“West”
 Encouraged settlement in remote areas
 New states created
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First Railroads
Began in the early 1800s
 Horses or mules pulled cars along rails
 1829: steam powered locomotive called
the “Rocket” was developed. It could
travel up to 30 miles per hour.
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Problems of First Railroads
Unsafe
 Unreliable
 Weak bridges and roadbeds
 Locomotives often broke down
 Smokestacks emitted thick black smoke
and hot embers causing fires
 Wooden rails (eventually replaced with
iron rails)
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Other Improvements…
The Telegraph Machine
Device which sent electrical signals along
a wire
 Invented by Samuel Morse
 Signal was based on a code of dots,
dashes, and spaces – eventually called
Morse Code
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Sewing Machine
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Elias Howe – creates first sewing machine
in 1846
Mechanical Reaper
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Cyrus McCormick
Invents the Mechanical
reaper in 1847
Machine helped farmers
harvest their crops faster.
Before his invention farmers
had to harvest grain by hand,
using a long handled tool
called a scythe.
Iron Plow
1825 – Jethro Wood
developed iron plow
with interchangeable
parts
 1830 – John Deere
develops his steel plow
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Clipper Ships
Clipper Ship: sleek
vessels which had tall
masts and huge sails
 Extremely fast ship
which was used to
transport cargo
around the world
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Railroads and Clipper Ships
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Railroads and clipper ships increased commerce
(trade) in the United States.
Goods could be shipped quickly and cheaply.
Northern areas developed factories whereas in
the south and west focused on agriculture
By 1830s, factories made the transition from
water to steam power
Clipper ships were eventually outperformed by
iron steamships
James Monroe
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Fifth president of the United
States
defeated Senator Rufus King
of New York in election of
1816
Wins again in election of 1820
against John Quincy Adams.
Monroe hoped to create a new
sense of national unity –
called the
“Era of Good Feelings”
Promote nationalism – feeling
of pride in one’s country
Economic Problems
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Problems:
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1. Bank of United States - created by Alexander Hamilton, its charter ran
out in 1811. Bank lends money and regulates supply
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2. Foreign Competition
War of 1812 kept British imports to a minimum; this, in part, allowed
people like Francis Cabot Lowell to build successful textile factories. But,
after the war ended, trade resumed and more imports entered the U.S.
Because the British had a head start on the Industrial Revolution, they were
able to produce goods faster and cheaper.
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3. Poor Infrastructure - system of roads, canals, bridges, etc.
Economic Solutions
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Bank Solution:
Congress created the Second Bank of the
United States in 1816.
 Banks can regulate money
Economic Solutions
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Foreign Competition Solution:
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2. Congress passed the Tariff Act of 1816 – this
placed a tax on British imports.
Economic Solutions
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Infrastructure Solutions:
Use revenue collected by the federal government
to build up the nation’s infrastructure
 Example: The National Road
Sectionalism and Henry Clay
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John C. Calhoun - South Carolina, supported War of 1812, defended slavery, opposed to
strong federal government.
Daniel Webster – New Hampshire, opposed War of 1812, opposed slavery, supported strong
federal government for economic growth.
Henry Clay - Kentucky, War Hawk, supported strong federal government for economic
growth
Sectionalism: loyalty to one’s state or section rather than to the nation as a whole.
The American System – Henry Clay wanted to promote economic growth for all sections.
The system called for high tariffs on imports which would help northern factories. Clay
believed, northerners would have the money to buy farm products from the West and the
South. High tariffs would also reduce American dependence on foreign goods.
Clay also urged Congress to use money from tariffs to build roads, canals, and bridges. A
better transportation system, he believed, would make it easier and cheaper for farmers in the
West and the South to ship goods to city markets.
The American System never fully went into effect. Congress spent little time on internal
improvements (infrastructure). Southerners in particular disliked Clay’s plan because the
South had many fine rivers on which to transport goods. Many southerners opposed paying
for roads and canals that brought them no direct benefits.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
The dispute arose over Maryland’s proposal to tax the
Second National Bank of the United States.
 Supreme Court ruled that states had no right to
interfere with federal institutions within their borders.
 Chief Justice- John Marshall
James McCulloch - Bank Cashier
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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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The dispute arose over a New York law which
attempted to control steam boat travel between
New York and New Jersey
 Supreme Court upheld the power of the federal
government to regulate trade between states.
United States and Spanish Florida
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The First Seminole War (1817-1818) began when settlers attacked Florida Indians
and the Indians retaliated by raiding isolated Georgia homesteads. Americans
believed Spain had incited the Seminoles against the white settlers.
The First Seminole War (1817-1818) began in earnest this year with a U.S.
invasion of East Florida to punish hostile Seminole Indians, whose territory had
become a refuge for runaway slaves.
American troops on July 27, 1816, had destroyed the Seminole stronghold of Fort
Apalachicola, on the river of that name. On December 27, 1817, General Andrew
Jackson took command, with orders to pursue the Indians across the Florida
boundary. Jackson marched his troops into Florida and captured St. Marks on
April 7, 1818m and Pensacola on May 24. In the course of his campaign, Jackson
seized two British traders, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister.
He accused them of aiding the enemy and had the former hanged and the latter
shot. There was a great outcry in England and considerable criticism in
Washington. Nevertheless, popular opinion approved the campaign, which
brought East Florida under American control and resulted in its cession to the U.S.
by Spain in 1819 for five million dollars..
Adams-Onis Treaty
Monroe Doctrine
Foreign Policy statement under Monroe
 Basically said two things:
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1. The United States would not interfere in the
affairs of European Nations or existing colonies
of the European Nations.
2. warned European nations not to attempt to
regain control of newly independent countries of
Latin America.