Transcript SOL STUDY GUIDE USII.2 -

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The student will use
maps, globes,
photographs, pictures,
and tables for
a) explaining how physical
features and climate
influenced the movement
of people westward;
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Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west
Land eroded by wind & water –
Low rainfall
Frequent dust storms
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1850-1890 - Before 1860, those who crossed
the Mississippi generally traveled all the way
to the west coast. Few settled in the Great
Plains.
Living on the Great Plains presented many
challenges to settling there.
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The winters were bitter cold.
There were few rivers and streams for water
There were few trees for wood.
Low rainfall caused drought and dust storms.
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Fierce winds and frequent dust storms eroded
and blew away the soil.
The remaining tough soil was thought to be
unsuitable for farming.
Before the Civil War, the Great Plains were
considered a "treeless wasteland".
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Encouraged by the Homestead Act of 1862
 Gave willing farmers FREE land on the Great Plains
 You had to live on the land for 5 years to get the free
land
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New technologies allowed people to live in more
challenging environments
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Farmers and immigrants now flocked to the
Great Plains during the decades after the Civil
War.
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People began to see the Great Plains no longer as
a "treeless wasteland" but as a vast area to be
settled.
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The MAIN innovations and technologies that
encouraged settlement of the Great Plains and
help people adapt to the very challenging
environment of the Great Plains were:
-Railroads
 -Barbed Wire
 -Steel Plows
 -Sod Houses
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-Beef cattle raising
-Wheat Farming
-Dry Farming
-Windmills
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1860-1890 The railroad
network in the US grew fast.
The Transcontinental
Railroad, completed in 1869,
was made of many different
lines.
The railroad linked the
Atlantic & Pacific coasts &
opened the vast interior to
people who wanted to settle
there.
The railroad made trade
between different parts of
the country easier,
encouraging industrial and
economic growth.
In the early 1800s, cattle ranches
began appearing on the Great Plains, especially in Texas.
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Demand for beef was high, and as railroads developed,
ranchers would drive their cattle north to meet up with
the lines.
Raising cattle was perfect for the plains, as the cattle
could eat the grass and keep moving so they would not
over eat an area.
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The invention of
barbed wire allowed
farmers to keep cattle
from nearby ranches
off their fields and
away from their crops.
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Farmers adopted an
improved strain of
Russian wheat which
required less water and
grew well in the dryer soil
of the Great Plains.
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With improved steel plows, farmers could
break up the tough soil.
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To conserve limited
moisture during dry
weather by reducing or
even eliminating runoff
and evaporation,
thereby increasing soil
absorption and
retention of moisture.
The sod squares, cut
from the soil, had long
grass roots in them
and thus were tough
yet flexible.
 The sod homes proved
to be cool in the hot
summer and warm in
the winter.
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New models of
windmills were used
throughout the Great
Plains to pump water
from the ground and
to provide power.
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relationships among natural
resources, transportation, and
industrial development after 1865.
Advances in transportation linked
resources, products, and markets.
Manufacturing areas were clustered
near centers of population.
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Transportation of resources - Railroads could
reach interior areas, including places where an
inadequate water supply or rough terrain made
canals impossible.
By 1840, the United States had almost three
thousand miles of track
By 1860, a network of thirty thousand miles linked
most of the nation's major cities and towns.
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Moving natural resources (e.g., copper and
lead) to eastern factories.
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Copper and lead mines discovered in New
Mexico, Arizona, and Utah.
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It was shipped by rail to eastern factories.
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Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in
Pittsburgh was key!
In mid-1800s, huge, easily mined deposits of highgrade iron ore were discovered in Michigan,
Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
Because iron ore could be transported more
economically than coal, (the other ingredient
needed for steel) iron ore was shipped by rail to
Pittsburgh. (coal was in PA already)
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By 1860 Pittsburgh became the center for the
emerging new steel industry.
The need for armaments in the Civil War gave a
great boost to the city’s iron industry.
The new “Bessemer process” allowed iron and
coal to be converted cheaply into steel, which
was manufactured into a variety of products from nails to rails.
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Transporting finished products to national
markets.
Producers used the railroads to ship raw
materials to factories and to send manufactured
goods from factories to markets quickly around
the U.S.
 Textile industry: New England
 Automobile industry: Detroit
 Steel industry: Pittsburgh
 Textile
industry:
New England
 Automobile
industry:
Detroit
 Steel industry: Pittsburgh
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locate the 50 states and
the cities most
significant to the
historical development of
the United States
 Northeast
 Rocky Mountain
 Southeast
 Pacific
 Midwest
 Non-Contiguous
 Southwest
 Maine
 Vermont
 New Hampshire
 Connecticut
 Massachusetts
 Rhode Island
 New York
 New Jersey
 Pennsylvania
North Carolina
 South Carolina
 Georgia
 Florida
 Alabama
 Mississippi
 Louisiana
 Arkansas
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Maryland
 Delaware
 West Virginia
 Virginia
 Kentucky
 Tennessee
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Ohio
 Indiana
 Illinois
 Michigan
 Wisconsin
 Minnesota
 Iowa
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Missouri
 Kansas
 Nebraska
 South Dakota
 North Dakota
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Texas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Arizona
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Colorado
Utah
Nevada
Montana
Wyoming
Idaho
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Washington
Oregon
California
 Alaska
 Hawaii
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locate the 50 states and
the cities most significant
to the historical
development of the
United States.
THE CITIES!
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Boston, one of the oldest
cities in America
Evokes a distinct European
feel, which is evident in the
city's culture.
The city's role in the
American Revolution has
led to the nickname, the
"Cradle of Liberty.“
Known for it’s textile
industry in early US
history.
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By 1850, already the
most populated
American city.
Most immigrants arrived
at Ellis Island.
Many remained in NYC
and many more moved
to other parts of the
U.S.A.
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Known as the “The City of
Brotherly Love”
Liberty Bell is here
It was the social and
geographical center of the
original 13 American
colonies.
Philadelphia gave birth to
the American Revolution
and to the American ideals
of liberty, democracy and
independence.
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Situated on 3 rivers
Ohio River
Allegheny River
Monongahela River
Know for STEEL
Industry during
industrial
revolution
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Was established by the
Constitution of the
United States to serve
as the nation's capital.
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Pierre Charles L'Enfant
designed the city as a
bold new capital for the
bold, new nation.
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Railroad hub of the
South Eastern USA,
connecting GA to TN
and points west.
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During the Civil War,
Union General William
T. Sherman burned
Atlanta to the ground
(70% of buildings
destroyed)
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Napoleon sold the
territory to the United
States in the Louisiana
Purchase of 1803.
Jazz was created here.
1st major port in the
Gulf of Mexico
(Mississippi River)
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Center of automobile
industry.
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a French fort and
missionary outpost
founded in 1701 grew to
one of the largest
American cities by the
early 20th century
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Center of meat packing
industry.
Incorporated as a city in
1837, Chicago was in a
great spot to take
advantage of the trading
created by the nation’s
westward expansion.
Jane Addams built the
Hull House to help
immigrants adjust to
living in the USA.
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Settled in 1764 and named
after King Louis IX of France
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Considered the “gateway”
to the Western US.
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Still hub & crossroads of
many railroads & highways.
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Texans here staged a revolt
against Mexican rule, but
were slaughtered by
Mexican General Santa
Anna at the Alamo.
With the battle cry
"Remember the Alamo",
Texans eventually
captured the Mexican
dictator and Texas became
an independent republic.
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Capital of New Mexico During the 1850's, many
people headed west on
the Santa Fe trail which
stretched from
Independence, Missouri
to Santa Fe.
From Santa Fe, other
trails took travelers on to
California and elsewhere.
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Unsettled until the late
1850s.
Became important
trade city due to gold
being found in nearby
areas.
1870’s - the railroad
brought massive
growth and expansion.
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Founded in 1847 by
Prophet Brigham Young
Begun as a safe place for
members of the
Mormon Church
Now serves as a banking
and mining center
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Begun in 1850s by
loggers.
Grown as a major
shipping hub for Pacific
trade
Also a major starting
point for travel to
Alaska
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In 1776, the Spanish founded
the Presidio Army Base.
1849- discovered gold dust in
a saw mill & San Francisco
became the entrance port to
the legendary land of gold in
the West.
Chinese came to build
Transcontinental railroad,
Chinatown was founded.
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established on 4 Sept. 1781
Oil was discovered in 1892.
Has railroad lines that lead to
the port.
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1880, prospectors
Harris and Juneau
discovered gold.
Has been state capitol
since 1906.
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Honolulu means "sheltered
bay" or "place of shelter“
Honolulu is a focal point for
merchant ships traveling
between N. America & Asia.
1898- Hawaii becomes a
state