Transcript The North and the South

The North and the South:
Sectionalism - differences
cause a strain in the
national relationship
Sectionalism and Pre-Civil War
SWBATS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How did differences between
North and South influence
sectionalism?
How did the Compromise of 1850
and Kansas-Nebraska Act exemplify
the opinions of abolitionists and
slave owners?
How did John Brown’s actions in
Kansas and at Harper’s Ferry
exemplify anti-slavery feelings at
the time?
What was the Southern reaction to
Lincoln election?
Form an opinion: was slavery an
issue of states’ rights or morality?
Agriculture 1860
Industry and Raw Materials 1860
Free and Slave Population 1860
Expanding Railroads
What does this tell us?
Industry Expands
• By 1861, the North has significantly more rails than
the South.
• What impact
does this have?
(answer in your
notes)
• Which portion of
the USA appears
more industrial?
(answer in your
notes)
South Expands Cotton Production
• The cotton gin makes cotton more profitable
• Cotton plantations expand and produce more
• What else must expand? (answer in your notes)
South Expands Cotton Production
• The importation of slaves
was banned in 1807.
• The “desire” (demand) for
slave labor grew. How
was it to be supplied?
• Internal slave trade
expanded. Southern
states held slave auctions
daily
• What happens to the
price of slaves if the
supply is lowered?
The Effect of the
Mexican-American War
• The war added 500,000 square miles to the country
• President Polk wanted to extend the Missouri
Compromise 36°30’ line to the west coast
• Others proposed
“popular sovereignty” –
states could choose
their “fate”
• The House passed the
Wilmot Proviso banning
slavery in the Mexican
cession.
• The Senate did not.
Clay’s Compromise of 1850
• California would enter the Union as a free state
• The rest of the Mexican Cession would be settled
under “popular sovereignty”
• Slave auctions would
end in Wash. D.C.
(but not slavery)
• A more effective
federal “Fugitive
Slave” law would be
enacted to fix issue
with escaped slaves
Fugitive Slave Act
• Federal and state agents were authorized to capture
and return fugitive slaves.
• The fugitives were taken to US Commissioners.
• No Jury and only
whites were allowed to
testify
• Anyone interfering
(abolitionists) could be
put in jail and fined.
• Abolition movements
in the North grew
Bloody Incident 1851
• Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered
speech criticizing pro-slavery forces in Kansas and
personally criticized a southern senator Butler.
• Butler’s
nephew, a
congressman,
beat Sumner
with a cane.
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Stephen Douglas
(representative from Illinois)
wanted a railroad from Chicago
westward, southern politicians
wanted it from New Orleans to
California.
• To get southern support,
Douglas put into his bill, that
the northern territories would
be “open” to slavery if the
settlers voted for it.
• Northerners were outraged but
the bill passed into law
• Kansas and Nebraska are
recognized as states
Bloody Kansas
• Both Southern and Northern
activists flocked to Kansas to
populate it with their own
supporters.
• Two separate governments
were elected.
• City of Lawrence was burned
by pro-slavery forces.
• John Brown (abolitionist in
favor of violence to end
slavery) killed five pro-slavery
men in response.
• Bloody clashes continued until
a federal governor with military
authority was sent.
Election of 1856
• Issues: Expanding or limiting slavery and internal
improvements. Main candidates:
– Buchannan a Southern Democrat
– Fremont an exclusively northern Republican
The Dred Scott Decision 1846-57
• Dred Scott sued for his freedom based on his having
been taken to live in a “free” territory by his master.
• 11 years later the Supreme Court ruled:
– Blacks were not citizens and
therefore could not sue
– When Scott returned to Missouri,
his status was determined by
Missouri’s laws
– The Missouri Compromise of
1820 was unconstitutional
because it deprived citizens of
their property
• Slaves are considered property
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott
The Decision…
On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney delivered the majority opinion. Taney ruled that:
•
Any person descended from Africans, whether slave or free, is not a citizen of the United States,
according to the Constitution.
•
The Ordinance of 1787 could not confer either freedom or citizenship within the Northwest Territory
to non-white individuals.
•
The provisions of the Act of 1820, known as the Missouri Compromise, were voided as a legislative
act, since the act exceeded the powers of Congress, insofar as it attempted to exclude slavery and
impart freedom and citizenship to non-white persons in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.
The Court had ruled that African Americans had no claim to freedom or citizenship. Since they were not
citizens, they did not possess the legal standing to bring suit in a federal court. As slaves were private
property, Congress did not have the power to regulate slavery in the territories and could not revoke a
slave owner's rights based on where he lived. This decision nullified the Missouri Compromise, which
divided territories into jurisdictions either free or slave. Speaking for the majority, Taney ruled that
because Scott was simply considered the private property of his owners, that he was subject to the Fifth
Amendment, prohibiting the taking of property from its owner "without due process".
The Scott decision increased tensions between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in both North and
South. Ultimately, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution (1868) settled the issue of Black citizenship
via Section 1 of that Amendment: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside..."
Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858
• Abraham Lincoln ran as a
Republican against the Democrat
Stephen Douglas for a Senate seat
from Illinois
• Lincoln stressed the main issue was
the spread of slavery in the west
and that the nation could not
“survive half slave and half free”.
Proof that Lincoln recognized the
issue of sectionalism.
• Douglas said his statements proved
Lincoln wanted every state to be a
free state and states should be able
to choose
• Lincoln lost to Douglas
Harper’s Ferry Incident
• October 16, 1859, Abolitionist John Brown and
some men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry,
Virginia
• Some of his men went to slave plantations in hope
of inciting a rebellion
• The next day, Col Robert E.
Lee had marines capture
Brown
• After a trial, Brown was
hanged for treason, murder,
and conspiracy
• “I, John Brown, am now quite
certain that the crimes of this
guilty land can never be
purged away but with blood.”
Lincoln runs as a Moderate Republican
The Democratic Party splits in two – Northern and
Southern Democrats over the issue of slavery and
secession (leaving the Union). Taking advantage of the
fractured Democratic party which suffered from infighting
over slavery, the Republican Party found a moderate
candidate who had managed not to upset party
supporters over the previous years of political conflict.
Platform (beliefs): anti-slavery
expansion, refused to acknowledge
the right to secession, and would
not yield federal property within
Southern states.
Election of 1860: Lincoln Wins
Make 3 observations about this map.
Southern Reaction to Lincoln’s Election
• Not waiting for his inauguration, South Carolina seceded
believing Lincoln would end slavery in the south when he
became president.
• Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
joined SC and formed the CSA electing Jefferson Davis as
President.
• Lincoln believed only
amendments or revolution
could dissolve the Union
• A stand-off : who owned Fort
Sumter in South Carolina?
• Lincoln vowed to hold federal
land but would not provoke a
fight.
Fort Sumter: April
th
12 ,
1861
• The Fort was controlled by Federal troops and blocked the port of
Charlestown, South Carolina
• They were ordered to hold the fort
• South Carolina militia demanded they leave and began firing on it
• Aggression by the South gave Lincoln an excuse to declare the
South in Rebellion! He ordered states to provide militia men
(local soldiers) to put down the rebellion
• War begins! States forced to
decide which side to support:
The Northern Union or
the Southern Rebellion
Comparing the
Worlds of
North and
South
Which picture
is North?
Why?
Which picture
is South?
Why?