Transcript Cold War Truman-Eisenhowerx

1946 to 1961:
Three Main Themes
COLD WAR
CONSUMERISM
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
Was it a time of “happy days or
anxiety, alienation and social
unrest”?
Post War Agenda
 1. Deal with Germany:
– divided into four zones of occupation
 2. Creation of the United Nations
 3. Deal with the Holocaust:
– Nuremberg Trials (1945-46)
• Punishment of Nazi war criminals
– Creation of the Nation of Israel- 1948
 3. Onset of The Cold War
– Most determines fate of post war Europe
The decisions at the
Yalta Conference
shaped the post WWII
world. Many
agreements were
made but the lasting
effect was: “You
cannot trust the words
of a dictator”.
Yalta
DECISIONS MADE AT YALTA
Created a United Nations to promote world peace.
Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones controlled by the
US, British, France and Soviet Union
Eastern European countries under Soviet control would have “free
elections”
Stalin agreed but kept Eastern Europe under Soviet control after WWII
leading to the Cold War…..
United
Nations
Allied Powers became the
United Nations
•International peacekeeping body with teeth
•Sanctions
•Troops
•Member nations agree to
more stringent
requiremnts
•Germans surrender to
the United Nations to end
the war in Europe
UN
U.S.A
*
**
Soviet Union
*Great Britain
**France
Limited •Founders of the United
Military
No 1945
Self
Nations in
1
Party
State
Democracy
Dictatorship
Government
Chin
a
•Permanent seats on the Security Council.
Dictatorship
Communism
No Government
Democracy
•Replaced
the League
of Nations toMonarchy
promote world
peace
Division of Germany
Post War Agenda
 1. Deal with Germany:
– divided into four zones of occupation
 2. Creation of the United Nations
 3. Deal with the Holocaust:
– Nuremberg Trials (1945-46)
• Punishment of Nazi war criminals
– Creation of the Nation of Israel- 1948
 3. Onset of The Cold War
– Most determines fate of post war Europe
trial
Several Nazi leaders would be found guilty for crimes against
humanity. Punishments ranged from prison sentences up to life and
execution by hanging…...
Can justice ever be done?
•
•
•
The Nuremburg TrialsIt was in this context that the trials was created, a trial of judgment for war
crimes. But it was not a court convened to mete out punishment for the
Holocaust alone. The tribunal was designed to document and redress crimes
committed in the course of the most massive conflict the world has ever
known. In October 1945, the IMT formally indicted the Nuremberg defendants
on four counts: crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity,
and conspiracy to commit these crimes.
The Holocaust was, in the legal language of the IMT, “a crime against
humanity.” Convened within months of the end of the war, from the trial’s first
public session on November 20, 1945, until the verdicts were delivered on
October 1, 1946
U.S. Army staffers organize stacks of German documents collected by war crimes investigators as evidence for the International Military Tribunal.
Nuremberg, Germany, between November 20, 1945, and October 1, 1946.
—USHMM #03549/National Archives
The Creation of Israel 1948
Based on the UN Partition Plan, Israel proclaimed itself an independent state on
May 14. Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Palestinian
guerrillas) attacked Israel on May 15. War ended in December 1948, with Israel
controlling 77% of the territory of Palestine. Egypt controlled the Gaza Strip
and Jordan controlled the West Bank, including East-Jerusalem.
Before
After
Palestinian Refugees
About half (700,000) of the
Palestinians fled their homes
or were expelled. Most
settled in Jordan, Gaza, West
Bank, Lebanon, Syria, and
Kuwait. This refugee flow
had a big impact on
neighboring countries.
During 1948 the population
of Jordan doubled with the
influx of refugees.
Israeli Jews were concerned about new boundaries
• 80% of Jewish
population lives on
coastal plain -- felt
vulnerable because
population centers
were only a few miles
from hostile
populations in
Jordanian-controlled
West Bank and
Egyptian-controlled
Gaza Strip. And
Jerusalem was
divided.
• Cause for tension
and eventual war
http://www.zionism-israel.com/map_of_israel_security_problem_distances.htm
Post War Agenda
 1. Deal with Germany:
– divided into four zones of occupation
 2. Creation of the United Nations
 3. Deal with the Holocaust:
– Nuremberg Trials (1945-46)
• Punishment of Nazi war criminals
– Creation of the Nation of Israel- 1948
 3. Onset of The Cold War
– Most determines fate of post war Europe
Conclusion: the stage is set for the
Cold War
The conferences held at Yalta and
Potsdam can be argued to have laid the
foundations for the end of the Second
World War and the beginning of the Cold
War.
Cold War 1945–1991
coldwar
•Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
•Competition for world dominance and global power.
•Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on
military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war
was always present.
•Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989.
•It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed
the world and themselves.
•Constant state of military preparedness and arms race
Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism
US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism
Potsdam Conference
July 1945
• Final wartime conference
• Big Three
– England = Attlee
– USA = Truman
– USSR = Stalin
• Stalin promised to allow
free elections in Eastern
Europe
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Satellite Nations…
• Stalin never allowed truly
free elections.
• Instead, communist
governments were installed
in many Eastern European
nations.
• Main Purpose?
– Protect USSR from invasion
from the West
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Churchill’s Warning…

Churchill felt that
behind the Iron Curtain,
the USSR was planning
to attack and conquer
Western Europe.
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Roots of Cold War
• 1.Key: Ideological differences between US and
USSR (Communism vs. democracy)
• 2. 1917 Russian Revolution ushers in Communist
Government
• 3. WWI- First Red Scare in US, aid to White
Russians
• 4. Post WWI- US refused to recognize USSR
• 5. WWII- Hitler/Stalin Pact- invasion of Poland
• 6. One reason US is involved in WWII is to stop
spread of totalitarian governments
Roots of the Cold War
• 7. USSR resentment over fighting on Eastern Front with little
military aid
• 8. US shared nuclear secrets with UK not USSR
– US developed & used nuclear bomb during war
– USSR developed atomic bomb in 1949
• 9. Key: USSR desires a buffer zone in Post War
• 10. Key: Conflict over Poland: free elections promised but Stalin
does not honor agreement
• 11. Key Conflict over Germany: East vs. West, Communism vs.
Democracy
– Divided into four zones
– American, French & British zones merged in 1947 free West Germany
– East Germany (& Berlin) under Communist rule
Rise of the Military Industrial Complex
•
•
World War II was influential in the change of the United States' previous historical pattern of
a small peacetime military. During the Second World War, the United States underwent total
mobilization of all available national resources to fight and win, alongside its allies, a total
war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . This mobilization of resources exceeded the
combined history of all conflicts the nation had previously encountered. By the war's end,
East Asia was gravely damaged, and Europe was devastated. The United States and the Soviet
Union stood as the two remaining great powers.
Still faced with a potential threat immediately following the Second World War, the U.S.
never demobilized. The two remaining powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, grew
suspicious and hostile toward one another in a period known as the Cold War . This 45-year
period of low-intensity, unconventional conflict between the two superpowers,
overshadowed by the constant threat of a potential nuclear conflict reinforced the need for
constant procurement of military goods and services including large naval, air, and land
forces. Thus birthed the military industrial complex in the United States.
US Response to
Communism
• George Kennan, career Foreign
Service Officer and Truman
advisor
• Formulated the policy of
“containment”:
– US would not get rid of
communism, but would not allow
it to spread.
– US would “contain” communism
where is already existed through
peace if possible and force if
necessary.
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map/cold war
1950’s
Containment: Stop the expansion of
Communism in Asia and Europe
US, Allied Nations
and Allied colonies.
Soviet Union/China and
Allies……..
Containment & The Truman Doctrine
• George Keenan’s Policy of Containment
– Sustained fight against spread of communism by peaceful means and
force if necessary
• Truman Doctrine (1947)
– “I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free
people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities
or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to
work out their own destinies in their own way.”
• First Application: 1947 Greece & Turkey: economic vulnerability
– Economic & military aid provided to Greece, Turkey & other countries
fighting communism
Containment & The Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan 1947 (ex. Containment)
– $13 billion in economic aid to stabilize economy of western
Europe (offer rejected by USSSR)
• 1948 Berlin Blockade/Berlin Airlift
–
–
–
–
West Berlin cut off by Soviets
Struggle over reparation agreements
321 day airlift of food & supplies
Height: one per minute
• NATO (1949) and Warsaw Pact (1955)
– North Atlantic Treaty Organization: military alliance of
western Europe (& US) War against one is war against all
– Vs. Pact: military alliance of Eastern Europe
•1947, first use of
Marshall Plan
•$$$$$ to Greece
and Turkey of
$400 million to
stop the spread
of communism.
•1948, $13-16
billion to help
rebuild Europe
after WWII.
•Example of
“containment”
•Food, animal
feed, fertilizer,
fuel, raw
materials and
production
equipment were
among some of
the goods
shared
•Provided a 33.5% increase in GNP in Western Europe between
1948-52.
•European economy had a steep increase in production.
marshall
Stalin Counters
the Marshall Plan
•Soviet Union offered a
similar plan----Molotov Plan.
•Similar to the Marshall
Plan and was offered to the
all European countries…
•No countries of Western
Europe took $$$.
•Marshall Plan was
considered a threat to
Stalin because it was
offered by the U.S. to war
torn Europe as a way to
promote democracy.
marshall
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Problem with Berlin?

Berlin was in the
Soviet Sector.

Stalin was not happy
with a “small piece”
of democracy in
Eastern Europe.

What did he do?
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Berlin Blockade


June 1948, Stalin attempts to starve West
Berliners into submission.
All rail and street access was blocked.
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Berlin Airlift


American and British
planes flew food and
supplies into Berlin
for 327 days.
Stalin lifted the
Blockade by May
1949.
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36
Operation “Little
Vittles”


During the Berlin Airlift a
group of pilots decided to
help boost the spirits of
the German children.
They organized a mission
to drop candy to the
children using parachutes
made of handkerchiefs.
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Communism Spreads to Asia
• Japan: under US occupation from 1945-47
– General Douglas MacArthur brings
democratization of society
• Ex. Constitution with basic liberties, land reform…
• Tokyo Trials: odd conviction of war criminals
• Fear of monolithic communism
• Fears strengthened by the 1949 defeat of
Nationalist forces in China by Communists
under Mao Zedong
Struggle for China
• Mao Zedong wanted China
to become a communist
state after WW II.
• Chang Kai Shek fought to
stop the communists but
was unsuccessful.
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Taiwan
• Chiang Kai-shek, retreated
from Mainland China and
moved his government from
Nanjing to Taipei, Taiwan's
largest city.
• Taiwan made a claim they
were separate from China.
• The US extended diplomatic
recognition to Taiwan but not
communist China.
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Cold War:
Domino Theory
Communism Spreads in Asia
• Korea (WWII liberated from Japan, divided at 38th parallel,
promise to hold democratic elections)
• 1950-1953 Korean War
• Post WWII: Communist North Korea under Kim II-Sung
(USSR) & South Korea under Syngman Rhee (US)
• 1950 N. Korea invades S. Korea beyond 38th parallel
• South Korea retaken under General MacArthur but
attempts to unify Korea beyond the 38th draws China into
conflict
– Forcing long retreat
– Who shapes war objectives: policy makers or generals?
• Stalemate: demilitarized zone that remains today
The Shifting Map of Korea
[1950-1953]
Shift of Power: Middle East
• Fear over the Spread of communism- Leads to US
involvement “DOMINO THEORY”
– US can fight w/o declaration of war from Congress
– Massive US rearmament
– U.S. Policy in Korea after 1953: leave Asia alone for the
present: Soviets a greater threat
• Creation of Israel (1948)
– Palestine divided Jewish/Arab section
– First Arab-Israeli War (1948)
• World Powers take sides
• Palestinian refugees- on-going struggles even today
Domestic Policy: Truman Admin. &
the Cold War in America
• Tools to contain communism at home:
– 1947 National Security Act
• Creates National Security Council (NSC) to
coordinate foreign and military intelligence and
policy, serve as an advisor to the President.
– Create the CIA (1951)
• Foreign intelligence, covert actions
– Create the Department of Defense
• Coordinate military intelligence and serve as an
advisor to the President
Rise of the Military Industrial Complex
•
•
World War II was influential in the change of the United States' previous historical pattern of
a small peacetime military. During the Second World War, the United States underwent total
mobilization of all available national resources to fight and win, alongside its allies, a total
war against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan . This mobilization of resources exceeded the
combined history of all conflicts the nation had previously encountered. By the war's end,
East Asia was gravely damaged, and Europe was devastated. The United States and the Soviet
Union stood as the two remaining great powers.
Still faced with a potential threat immediately following the Second World War, the U.S.
never demobilized. The two remaining powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, grew
suspicious and hostile toward one another in a period known as the Cold War . This 45-year
period of low-intensity, unconventional conflict between the two superpowers,
overshadowed by the constant threat of a potential nuclear conflict reinforced the need for
constant procurement of military goods and services including large naval, air, and land
forces. Thus birthed the military industrial complex in the United States.
National Defense Budget [1940-1964]
Loyalty Review Board
• Set up by President Truman
in March 1947.
• Purpose?
– Investigate Federal
government employees and
dismiss those disloyal to US
• 212 dismissed
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House on Un-American
Activities Committee (HUAC)
• 1947= House of
Representatives
• Investigate Communist
influence in the movie
industry
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‘Hollywood Ten’
• 10 Hollywood
screenwriters and directors
who refused to testify
before HUAC.
• Charged with contempt of
Congress.
• Claimed 1st Amendment
right of free speech
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Blacklisted
• Following a meeting of film industry
executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria
hotel, MPAA president Johnston issued a
press release on the executives' behalf
that is today referred to as the Waldorf
Statement.
• The statement declared that the ten would
be fired or suspended without pay and not
reemployed until they were cleared of
contempt charges and had sworn that they
were not Communists.
• The first Hollywood blacklist was now in
effect.
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Spy Cases Shock the US
• During the late 1940s
and early 1950s,
America was rocked by
sensational stories of
Americans spying for
the Soviet Union.
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Alger Hiss
• Hiss worked for the US
State Department.
• Accused of being a spy for
the USSR.
• Found guilty of perjury.
• Later (1990s) Hiss was
proven to be a spy for the
USSR.
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The Rosenbergs
• American Communists who were
found guilty of conspiracy to
commit espionage in relation to
passing information on the
American nuclear bomb to the
Soviet Union.
• The couple were executed at
sundown in the electric chair at
Sing Sing Correctional Facility in
Ossining, New York, on June 19,
1953.
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McCarthyism
• Senator Joe McCarthy
became the most famous
anti-Communist activist.
• Used the issue to help
win re-election in 1950.
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McCarthy’s Tactics
• Made one unsupported
accusation after another.
• He would bully
witnesses.
• McCarthyism = tactics
used to advance your
career.
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McCarthy’s Downfall
• In 1954 McCarthy made accusations against the US
Army.
• Led to televised Senate investigation; and American
people did not like McCarthy’s tactics. His popularity
dropped greatly.
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1950’s
Change in Leaders
• The early 1950s saw a change
in leaders in both the US and
USSR.
• USA = Dwight Eisenhower
wins the election of 1952.
• USSR = Nikita Khruschev takes
over when Stalin dies in 1953.
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Premier Nikita Khrushchev
About the capitalist
states, it doesn't
depend on you
whether we
(Soviet Union) exist.
If you don't like us,
don't accept our
invitations, and don't
De-Stalinization
invite us to come
Program
to see you. Whether
you like it our not, history is on our
side. We will bury you. -- 1956
II. Brinkmanship
a. Pres. Eisenhower & Kennedy
b. Show that the US is
willing to go
to war
c. Like a
game of
chicken
Brinkmanship
• Defined as willingness to
push nation to the “brink”
of nuclear war to keep
peace.
• Policy advocated by John
Foster Dulles; Secretary of
State.
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Central Intelligence Agency CIA
• Used spies to gather
information abroad
• Began to carry out covert
operations to weaken or
overthrow governments
unfriendly to the United
States.
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Iran
• One of the CIAs first covert
actions tool place in Iran
when Iran’s Prime minister
Mohammed Mossadegh
nationalized Iran’s oil fields.
• CIA worked to remove
Mossadegh
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Shah of Iran
• CIA “Operation Ajax” caused
the downfall of Mossadegh
from office in 1953. The
Shah, backed by the US,
formed a government
friendly to the US.
• By the 1970’s American will
be held hostage related to
this moment in history.
66
U-2 Incident
• U-2 was designed to be high altitude reconnaissance
plane.
• CIA used these to spy on USSR and one was shot down
on May 1, 1960 intensifying Cold War tension.
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Francis Gary Powers
• Recruited by CIA to fly spy
missions.
• Shot down in U2 over USSR
and convicted of espionage.
• Exchanged for a KGB colonel
the US had captured.
• Russia walks out of Paris
Summit to discuss
disarmament
• Mutually Assured Destruction
but diplomacy hoped to ease
tensions
• Arms Race intensifies
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The race begins….
• Both
countries began developing their weapons so as to be
able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:
• developing more powerful weapons
•Having more of one weapon than the other side
• WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• Cheaper than having a large army
• They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so
many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If
one side attacked then it knew that the other could
retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED
DESTRUCTION.
•For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths
of Capitalism v communism
70
Hydrogen Bomb
• US exploded the 1st Hbomb on November 1,
1952 in South Pacific.
– That bomb completely
destroyed one island and left
a crater 175 feet deep.
• Russians exploded one in
August of 1953.
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ARMS RACE, 1945 - 1960
1945 – USA tests and drops the first atomic (A) bombs
1949 – USSR tests A bomb
1952 – USA tests its first hydrogen (H) bomb
1953 – USSR tests its first H bomb
1957 – USSR
1. tests ICBM capable of carrying an H bomb from USSR to
USA
2. puts the space satellite ‘Sputnik’ into orbit.
•WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
• Cheaper than having a large army
• They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could
not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could
retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
ARMS RACE: 1958 – USA
1. Places ICBMs targeted on USSR in NATO
countries. Both sides could now launch direct
attacks on each others’ cities
2. Launches its own satellite
1960 – USA launches first nuclear powered
submarine capable of firing a Polaris missile with
an atomic warhead from underwater
ARMS RACE: The failure of
disarmament
• Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut
defence spending
• After Stalin’s death East-West relations had
improved
• USSR proposed:
– reduction of armed forces
– Eventual abolition of atomic weapons
– International inspections to supervise this
ARMS RACE : The USA….
• Wanted strong inspection system
• Proposed ‘open skies’ – openly photograph each
others sites from planes
• USSR rejected this
• USA rejected initial USSR proposals
• Stalemate
• Attempts again failed at the 1960 Paris Summit
due to the U2 incident.
• Arms Race continues as Space Race intensifies.
Space Race
• On October 4, 1957 the
Soviet Union successfully
launched Sputnik I.
• The world's first artificial
satellite was about the size
of a beach ball.
• Orbited the earth in 98
minutes.
Race to control space was on!
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SPACE RACE...meant
• That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also
launch a nuclear warhead at a target.
• So space developments led to rapid advances in
nuclear weapons.
• By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to
destroy the earth
• In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the
first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the
lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for
communism
• But who would reach the moon first?
1950’s Conclusion…
• Moving into the 1960’s, the
Cold War was really starting to
heat up with no end in sight.
• The Cold War will continue in
the 1960s with the world
moving closer to an open
conflict between the US and
USSR.
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