Transcript Grover Cleveland

GROVER CLEVELAND
The 24th President of the United States
CLEVELAND’S BACKGROUND:
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Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland gave birth
to their fifth child Stephan Grover Cleveland on March 18th
1837. Richard Falley Cleveland was a descendant of early
English settlers in the northeast area of Massachusetts, but
was originally from Connecticut. Grover’s mother Ann Neal
Cleveland was a descendant of Anglo-Irish and German
Quaker blood, she originally was from Baltimore, Maryland.
Pres. Grover Cleveland was named in tribute to the first
pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Caldwell, New Jersey
where Cleveland’s father was a pastor. Cleveland was one
of nine children, out of five boys and four girls. Later on his
family moved to Fayetteville, New York. Nine years later in
1850, the family transferred to Clinton, Oneida County in
New York in regards to Cleveland’s father’s job. Two years
later the family moved yet again to Holland Patent, New York,
where soon after Cleveland’s father past away. After his
fathers’ death Cleveland left grammar school to help with the
financial status of his family. When Cleveland’s brother
began teaching at the New York Institute for the Blind, Grover
soon assumed a teaching position. After he concluded his
career as an assistant teacher he went home to Holland
Patent. (1854). In the spring of 1855 Cleveland, moved to
Buffalo, New York, where his uncle then introduced
Cleveland to many prominent men, some of which were
partners in law firms where Cleveland later became a clerk.
Grover Cleveland was admitted to the bar in 1859, he was
only 21. This was the beginning of Cleveland’s political
career. As President in his first term, Grover Cleveland
married twenty-one year old Francis Folsom. Cleveland was
the only President to have ever married during his
Presidency in the White House.
Cleveland was the only Democratic
candidate elected to presidency in the
era of Republican domination which
lasted from 1860-1912. He was the first
democrat to take presidency twentyeight years after Buchanan. Grover
disagreed
with
imperialism,
inflationary policies, and subsides as
the leader of the Bourbon Democrats.
David B. Hill the senator of New York
at the time was Cleveland’s leading
opponent. Hill worked extremely hard
to prevent Cleveland from being
nominated, by creating the antiCleveland elements of the Democratic
Party.
His
techniques
were
unsuccessful. At the convention in
Chicago Grover was nominated on first
ballot, being paired with vice president
nominee Aldai E. Stevens of Illinois.
Voters
nominated
Harrison
as
president making this election similar
to the election four years before.
RISE IN POLITICS:
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PIRATES
POLITICAL
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22nd and 24th President of the United States (1885-1889 and 18931897)
He worked as a lawyer.
Buffalo City Democratic Committee chose him to run for mayor in 1881.
In one year, Mayor Cleveland exposed graft and (corruption in the city's
municipal services, vetoed dozens of pork-barrel appropriations, and set
a pace for hard work and efficiency that impressed state leaders in the
Democratic Party.
The Democratic Party nominated Cleveland for governor of New York.
As New York's chief executive from 1882 to 1884, Cleveland used the
same tactics that had worked in Buffalo. He challenged the substantially
corrupt Tammany Hall, a political machine based in New York City that
had supported him in the election.
He worked harder and longer hours than anyone else in state
government. Within a year, Democrats around the nation were touting
him as a fresh face, a political outsider, and a pragmatic reformer who
might win the presidency in 1884.
In the election of 1884, Cleveland appealed to middle-class voters of
both parties as someone who would fight political corruption and bigmoney interests.
When he ran for reelection in 1888, the Republicans raised lots of money
from the nation's manufacturers and spent it lavishly, helping to ensure
victory for their candidate, Benjamin Harrison. The election thus marked
the beginning of a new era in campaign financing. Though Cleveland
actually won a larger share of the popular vote, Harrison defeated
Cleveland in the Electoral College.
In 1892, however, after four years of Republican leadership, Cleveland
quashed the reelection hopes of Harrison, who had alienated many in his
own party. He thus became the only President to serve nonconsecutive
terms, winning the office once again.
INTELLECTUAL
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Cleveland will be remembered for
protecting the power and autonomy of
the executive branch.
His record-breaking use of the
presidential veto earned him the
deserved moniker of the "guardian
President" and helped balance the
power of executive and legislative
branches.
He did not think that the President
should propose legislation and he
disliked using legislative solutions to
address America's growing social and
economic difficulties.
Although some historians claim that he
wasn’t a great president He restored
honesty and impartiality to the
government and taught the American
people that in their handling of foreign
affairs conscience should always be the
one dominant force.
RELIGION
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Grover Cleveland was a Presbyterian.
Cleveland was the son of a Presbyterian
minister, but he seems not to have been
especially religious himself. He was
quite tolerant of other religions.
The roots of the Presbyterian Church
trace back to John Calvin, a 16thcentury
French
reformer.
Presbyterianism has had a strong
presence
in
America.
Reformed
churches were first established in the
early 1600s with Presbyterians shaping
the religious and political life of the
newly established nation.
"Old First"
Presbyterian Church
(1827-1890) from a
photograph taken in
1875 by Charles E.
Pond in possession of
the archives of the First
Presbyterian Church,
Buffalo, NY.
ARTS & CULTURE
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In 1893 Emile Bernard published, an
article praising Van Gogh, in Mercure
de France, a magazine read at the time
by everyone with an interest in modern
art.
The Panic of 1893 was a serious
economic depression in the United
States that began in 1893.
The Theatrical World by William Archer
was published in 1896.
The Armenian Massacres of 1894-1897.
From 1893 to 1897 Robert Franklin
Pennell was President of Chico State
Normal School.
The Pullman Strike of 1894 was one of
the most influential events in the
history of U.S. labor.
Chicago’s World’s Fair of 1893 was an
incredibly popular and immensely
influential social and cultural event.
TECHNOLOGY
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President Grover Cleveland’s
second term illuminated the
White House with its first
electrical lights on the Christmas
tree.
In 1882, Thomas Edison's friend
and partner Edward Johnson
hand-wired eighty patriotic red,
white, and blue lights around a
rotating evergreen tree in his
home.
Cleveland opened the World Fait
in
Chicago
commemorating
Columbus's discovery. Lighted by
electricity, “White City", created a
make-believe urban center and
put
on
display
Americas
celebration of consumption and
technology.
Thomas A. Edison finishes
construction of the first motion
picture studio (West Orange, New
Jersey). He builds a film studio
("Black Maria"), where the
ECONOMICAL
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The Panic of 1893 was a financial crisis that hit the
United States upon the concurrence of several events.
Cleveland's most forceful response to the depression
was to blame the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of
1890, passed during the Harrison administration, for
the nation's economic troubles. By 1893, the gold value
of the silver dollar fell to 60 cents.
Between 1894 and 1896, Cleveland authorized four
new government bonds to raise enough gold to prevent
the government from defaulting on its international
obligations. He was forced to turn to investment
banker J. P. Morgan to support the bonds.
SOCIAL
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Governor Cleveland used his
power to take on the Tammany
Hall, the political machine
based in New York City, even
though it had supported him in
the election.
When 150,000 railroad workers
walked off the job in sympathy
with the Pullman Car workers'
strike in Illinois, Cleveland sent
federal troops to crush the revolt
and arrest its leaders.
Although he spoke out against
injustices being visited on the
Chinese in the West, he
sympathized with Southern
reluctance to treat African
Americans as social or political
equals.
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When Cleveland entered office for his second term,
it was at the peak of the depression in regards to
the economic crisis, but at this point the Democrats
controlled the government; bank failures,
corporation failures, and a great loss of gold within
the United States Treasury, but more importantly
unemployment then sky-rocketed. Cleveland in
response to the economic crisis ordered for the
Silver Purchase Act to be repealed. Cleveland
manipulated his position in office to allow or deny
offices and various other favors. When the repeal of
the Silver Purchase Act was passed, October 30,
1893, it was a bleak turning point in Cleveland’s
political career, in regards to public opinion.
Cleveland believed in “sticking to his guns”, which
more simply known as narrow-mindedness. Many
though that Cleveland didn’t tend to the needs of
what the country was forming into. Halting the
buying of silver did not answer the problem of the
gold crisis. Cleveland’s other tactic was authorizing
the sale of gold bonds, in order to restore money in
the United States Treasury.
In response to the Pullman Strike in Chicago,
Illinois Cleveland sent in troops to put an end to
the madness. This political act of leadership led to
promise for Cleveland by public support, but gave
way to more violence and a even larger division
between the Democratic Party.
KEY DOMESTIC POLICY:
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Hawaii at the time of
Cleveland’s second term was
overthrown by occupying
American workers, where
they created a temporary
government under the rule of
the owner of the Dole Fruit
Company,
Sanford
Dole.
Cleveland
withdrew
the
treaty that was established
during the previous term by
Harrison. Later on he
discarded the suggestion of
occupation of Hawaii and
promoted
non-interference
with the facing problem. In
the
end
the
problem
regarding Hawaii did not go
either way. As Cleveland
took on a new idea of the
Monroe Doctrine he began
involving himself in foreign
affairs with other countries
such as Britain in reference
to Britain and Venezuela’s
issue of arbitration. Through
aiding Latin America these
better stirred relations with
Latin America, yet also
through
Cleveland’s
approach gave Cleveland a
way
to
have
positive
relations with Britain.
KEY FOREIGN POLICY
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QUOTE:
“Though
the
people
support the government,
the government should
not support the people”
- Pres. Grover Cleveland
Cleveland came up with
this philosophy in 1887
after vetoing a bill that
provided Texas farmers
with seeds.
Success:
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Cleveland did help to create a Solid
South
for
the
Democrats by
encouraging former Confederates to
believe they had a friend in the White
House. Grover Cleveland was both
the 22nd and 24th President of the
United States. Cleveland is the only
President
to serve
two nonconsecutive terms. He was the only
Democrat elected to the Presidency
in the era of Republican political
domination that lasted from 1860 to
1912. Cleveland almost singlehandedly restored and strengthened
the power and autonomy of the
executive
branch.
His
recordbreaking use of the presidential veto
also enabled him to reestablish the
equilibrium between the executive
and legislative branches.
Failures:
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Soon after Cleveland became
president, there was a punishing
economic down turn in the
nineteenth century. Six months
after the depression hit it only took
about six months for American
businesses
to
collapse.
Unemployment weighed heavily
and gangs/groups of hoboes (lower
class people) wandered aimlessly
about the country. The government
didn't really pay any attention to the
issues because the issues weren't
effecting them personally, the
looked at the depression as
something that had to happen "Just
let nature run its course" was their
philosophy. Cleveland and "Jupiter"
Morgan were condemned as "sell
outs " of the national government
based on how the reacted to the
crisis.
NARROW-MINDED
The reason why President Grover Cleveland appeared to us
as narrow-minded was because Cleveland being head in
power did not really allow people even of his party change
his mind when it came to his beliefs. Maybe if he took into
consideration the political views or ideas of others his
presidency might have been more productive. And the
possibility that the nation would have been better off is also
a great possibility.
THOUGHTS:
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Though Pres. Grover Cleveland at the
time was sought as a stubborn and
arrogant president, his decisions were
only based on the best interest of the
nation. He thought that his way of
handling the nations relations was the
only way to handle our nations
problems.
In correlation to today I think that the
economic crisis then let us know now
what mistakes to avoid especially on
the government’s end of everything.
The history of the past allows us what
things not to do in the future.
If Grover Cleveland was running for
the Presidency now, without an open
mind and compromise he would not be
seen as a great candidate selection
because, when you think about all the
events that have passed since Grover
Cleveland’s last term in office, that
have shaped our nation, and the way
that people’s mind set has changed in
politics, there is no way that he would
be fit for a Democratic leader, maybe a
Republican.
CABINET OF 2ND TERM
President Grover Cleveland’s second
term in office’s cabinet was as
follows:
As his Vice President was Adlai E.
Stevenson for the full term over four
years. Cleveland’s secretary of state was
Walter Q. Gresham, for the first two years
of the Presidency but he was then
replaced by Richard Olney. The Secretary
of the Treasury for the complete second
term was John G. Carlisle. Secretary of
War was Daniel S. Lamont. Before
Richard Olney was appointed as Secretary
of State in the last two years of the
Cleveland Campaign, he was originally
the Attorney General and after his
reposition in rank Judson Harmon then
took over as the Attorney General. The
postmaster general in the first two years
was Wilson S. Bissell and then in the last
two years was taken over by William L.
Wilson. The Secretary of the Navy was
ran by Hilary A. Herbert. Occupying the
seat as Secretary of Interior for three
years was M. Hoke Smith and in the
remaining year was ran by David R.
Francis. Lastly was the secretary of
agriculture which was a huge issue at the
time of Cleveland’s second term, was run
by Julius S. Morton, for all four years.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia Online.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland. 20
Jan, 2010
 American Pageant. Pages 523-528 Chapter 23
“Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age”
 White House
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/grov
ercleveland24. 5 Jan, 2010
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 Togi Malepea (per. 1)
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