Transcript infoshow16 Presentation - Research @ Pratt SI

Resonating
Words in
Digital
Humanities
A Brief Study of US Federal
Government Treaties with
Native American Nations
Kirsten Grünberg
Chris Alen Sula, Ph.D.
LIS–659–01
Digital Humanities II
#infoshow16
School of Information, Pratt Institute
May 17, 2016
Introduction
Treaties are living documents that link
Native American Nations with the
Federal Government of the United States
The multifaceted conditions of these
documents continue to raise numerous
questions in our post colonial age
A combination of multiple word
frequencies and visualizations attempt
to provide further insight of a set of
treaties with Native American Nations
Original Documents
Historical Context
Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
Even though these historical
documents may have been written
on parchment, they do not have
an expiration date or become less
relevant over time
Nation to Nation: Treaties Between
the United States and American Indian Nations
Smithsosonian Institute, Washington, DC, September 21, 2014–Spring 2020
References: http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/gallery/photo/treaty-canandaigua-arrives-national-museum-american-indian-156830
http://nmai.si.edu/nationtonation/treaty-of-canandaigua.html
Eastern Native American Nations
would also formalize the treaties
with Wampon belts
Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
George Washington Covenant Chain Belt
References: http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/09/04/smithsonian-revisits-history-treaties-156745
Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
George Washington Covenant Chain Belt
Reference: http://www.quazoo.com/q/Treaty_of_Canandaigua?alt=Treaty_of_canandaigua
Methodology
Digital Humanities
Research Question
How may data analysis and visualization
diagrams that represent historical treaties
of the United States Federal government,
help to better understand the current
conditions of Native American Nations?
Specific Questions
1. Which associations and variations of data may be established?
2. Which dominant key themes and arguments may be
addressed?
3. Which visualizations may be used to support conclusions?
Process
Voyant Tools
Determine Word
Frequencies
Excel
Spreadsheets
Tableau
Public
Incorporate Data
Native American Nation
Treaty Title/Date
Term Frequencies and
Average of Treaties
Analyze Data
Design Visualizations
What the Process Actually Means:
Step 1
What the Process Actually Means:
Step 2
142,581 rows
What the Process Actually Means:
Step 3
Numerous
steps for
each of the
10 sheets
Documents of Project
Historical Context
Set of Historical
Documents
A set of treaties that were compiled by
Charles J. Kappler and accessed as
electronic resources from Oklahoma
State University
Kappler, C.J. (Ed.). (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. II
(Treaties) in part. Washington : Government Printing Office. Retrieved
from: http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/tocyr.htm
Documents not included
The assembled collection of Kappler
omits:
 most colonial agreements
 many treaties not ratified by the Senate
 agreements of the XX Century
Shown Harjo, S. (2014). Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations.
Washington D.C.: National Museum of American Indian, p.33
Identifying the Treaties
Set of treaties compiled by Charles J. Kappler
Years
Amount
1770 – 1799
19
1800 – 1809
31
1810 - 1819
50
1820 – 1829
52
1830 – 1839
86
1840 – 1849
19
1850 – 1859
60
1860 – 1869
64
1870 - 1890
5
TOTAL
386
Identifying 142 Native American Nations
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ANADARKO (Also ANA-DA-CA)
APACHE
APPALACHICOLA
ARAPAHO (Also ARRAPAHOE; ARAPAHOE)
ARIKARA (Also RICARA; ARICKAREE)
ASSINABOINE
BANNOCK
BELANTSE-ETOA OR MINITAREE (Also BELANTSE-ETEA; BELANTSE-ETA;
MINNETAREE)
BLACKFEET (Also BLACKFOOT; BLACKFOOT NATION)
BLOOD
BROTHERTOWN
CADDO (Also CADOE)
CAHOKIA
CALAPOOIA
CAYUGA
CAYUSE
CHASTA
CHEROKEE
CHEYENNE (Also CHAYENNE)
CHICKASAW (Also CHICKESAW)
CHIPPEWA (Also CHIPPEWAY; CHIPAWA)
CHOCTAW (Also CHACTAW; CHAKTAW)
CHRISTIAN INDIANS
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CLACK-A-MAS (Also CLOCKAMUS)
COLUMBIA
COLVILLE
COMANCHE (Also CAMANCHE)
CREEKS (Also MUSCOGEE)
CROW
DAKOTA
DE CHUTES
DELAWARE
DWAMISH
EEL RIVER
FIVE NATIONS
FLATHEAD
FOX
GROS VENTRES (Also GROSVENTRES)
ILLINOIS
IOWA
KALAPUYA (Also CALAPOOIA)
KANSA (Also KANZA; KANSAS; KANZAS)
KASKASKIA
KA-TA-KA
KEECHY (Also KEECHE)
KICKAPOO (Also KIKAPO)
KIK-IAL-LUS
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KIOWA (Also KIOWAY)
KLAMATH
KOOTENAY
LEPAN
LONG-WHA
LUMMI
MAKAH (Also MAHA)
MANDAN
ME-SEK-WI-GUILSE
MENOMINEE (Also MENOMINIE; MENOMONIE; MENOMONEE)
MIAMI (Also MIAME; MEAMIE)
MIDDLE OREGON TRIBES
MINITAREE OR BELANTSE-ETOA (Also BELANTSE-ETEA; BELANTSE-ETA;
MINNETAREE)
MITCHIGAMIA
MODOC (Also MOADOC)
MOHAWK
MOLALA (Also MOLALLA; MOLEL)
MUSCOGEE (Also CREEK)
MUNSEE (Also CHRISTIAN)
NAVAJO (Also NAVAHO)
NEW YORK INDIANS
NEZ PERCÉ
NISQUALLY (Also NISQUALLI)
Identifying 142 Native American Nations
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NOO-WHA-HA
OMAHA (OMAHAW)
ONEIDA
ONONDAGA
OSAGE
OTO (Also OTTOE)
OTO & MISSOURI (Also MISSOURIA)
OTTAWA (Also OTTOWA; OTTOWAY)
PAWNEE
PEORIA
PIANKESHAW (Also PIANKASHAW; PIANKISHAW)
PIEGAN
PONCA (Also PONCAR; PONCARAR)
POTAWATOMI (Also POTAWATAMI; POTAWATAMIE; PUTAWATIMI;
PATTAWATIMA; PATAWATTIMIE; POTTAWATAMI; POTTAWATIMIE;
POTOWATOMI; POTAWATTIMIE; POTTAWATTIMIE; PATTAWATIMA;
PUTAWATAME; POTTOWOTOMEE; POTTAWATAMY; POUTAWATAMIE;
POTTOWAUTOMIE)
PUYALLUP
QUAPAW
QUI-NAI-ELT (Also QUI-NITE-'L)
QUIL-LEH-UTE (Also QUIL-LEY-YUTE)
RICARA (Also ARIKARA; ARICKAREE)
ROGUE RIVER
SAC & FOX (Also SACK, SAUK, SOCK)
SAH-KU-MEH-HU
SCOTONS
SEMINOLE
SENECA (Also SENEKA)
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ROGUE RIVER
SAC & FOX (Also SACK, SAUK, SOCK)
SAH-KU-MEH-HU
SCOTONS
SEMINOLE
SENECA (Also SENEKA)
SEVEN NATIONS OF CANADA
SHAWNEE (Also SHAWANOE; SHAWANOESE; SHAWANEE; SHAWONEE)
S'HOMAMISH
SHOSHONI (Also SHOSHONE)
SHOSHONI-GOSHIP
SIOUX (Also DAKOTA; DAHCOTAH)
SIX NATIONS
SKAI-WHA-MISH
SKAGIT
S'KLALLAM
SK-TAH-LE-JUM
SNAKE
SNOHOMISH
SNOQUALMOO
SNAKE
SNOHOMISH
SNOQUALMOO
SQUAWSKIN
SQUI-AITL
SQUIN-AH-NUSH (Also SQUIN-AH-MISH)
ST. REGIS
STEHCHASS
STEILACOOM
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STOCKBRIDGE
SUQUAMISH
SWINAMISH
TAH-WA-CARRO (Also TOWA-KARRO; TA-WA-KA-RO)
TAMAROIS
TENINO
TETON(Also TEETON)
TONKAWA (Also TONKAWAY)
T'PEEK-SIN
TUM-WATERS
TUSCARORA
UMATILLA
UMPQUA
UPPER PEND D'OREILLE
UTAH
UMPQUA
UPPER PEND D'OREILLE
UTAH
UTE
WACO (Also WACOE)
WALLA-WALLA
WASCO
WEA (Also WEEA)
WINNEBAGO (Also WINEBAGO; WINNEBAYGO)
WINNEBAGO (Also WINEBAGO; WINNEBAYGO)
WITCHETAW (Also WICHITA; WICHETA; OUICHITA)
WYANDOT (Also WYANDOTTE; WIANDOT)
YAKIMA (Also YAKAMA)
YANKTON (Also YANCTON)
Data Analysis
Examples
Example 1
How are Native
Americans referred
to in the treaties?
Most Common Words – Row Structure
Most Common Words
Organic Structure
Indian
Nation
Indians
Nation
United States
Nations
President
Tribes
PARTIES
AGREE
Identifying the Current Conditions of Native American Nations
There are 567 federally recognized nations
 American Indians
 Alaska Natives
 Native Hawaiians
National Congress of American Indians (n.d.). An Introduction to Indian Nations in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.ncai.org/about-tribes/indians_101.pdf, p.2-9
Federal Register. (May 4, 2016). Bureau of Indian Affairs of the US Department of Interior, Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian
Affairs , Vol. 81, No. 86. Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-04/pdf/2016-10408.pdf
Identifying the Current Conditions of Native American Nations
The Western Shoshone have issued
their own passports since 1982
“This possibility may be better understood by referring to
the political enteties of Monaco or Vatican City, which are
domestic soverign nations that continue to exercise
dominion over their lands within the borders of a larger
soverign.”
Reference: Shown Harjo, S. (2014). Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations. Washington D.C.: National Museum of American Indian, p.34
Wikipedia. (20 April 2016). Western Shoshone. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Shoshone
Example 2
What is
established in the
treaties?
All Words: CLOTH
Identifying the Current Conditions of Native American Nations
Reference:
http://www.dyarrow.org/indige
nous/leon.htm
“…treaty cloth still arrives by United Parcel
Service to our territories during the fall of
each year. This has been ongoing since 1794,
although the cloth has gone from bolts of
calico to unbleached cotton and now to
inexpensive muslin.”
Leon Shenandoah Tadodaho, Chief of the Six Nations, holds cloth that the United States
government delivers each year to maintain the Treaty of Canandaigua, 1794
Image and text: Shown Harjo, S. (2014). Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations. Washington D.C.: National Museum of
American Indian, p.58. Text: Jemison, JGP. (n.d.). Book Review: Treaty of Canadaigua 1794 200 Years of Treaty Relations Between the Iroquois Confederacy and the
United States. New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/j/jemison-treaty.html
Example 3
Which type of
pressures did the
Native American
Nations receive when
they signed the
treaties?
Some pressure was received when they
were vulnerable before the winter
L
Identifying the Current Conditions of Native American Nations
“Over the last 45 years, there have
been 1,000 atomic explosions on
Western Shoshone land in Nevada,
making the Western Shoshone
the most bombed nation on earth.”
Winona Laduke
2007 - National Women’s Hall of Fame
1994 - nominated by Time magazine as
one of America’s fifty most promising
leaders under forty years of age
Resource of text: Laduke, W. (1999). All Our Relations. Native Struggles for Land and Life. Cambridge, MA: South End Press, p.3
Image of map: Wikipedia. (20 April 2016). Western Shoshone. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Shoshone
Image and information of author: Honor the Earth. Retrieved from http://www.honorearth.org/speaking_engagements
Example 4
Which rights
are established
in the treaties?
All Words: FISH
L
Nations & Treaties
Lumni
Nation
L
Lumni
Nation
Identifying the Current Conditions of Native American Nations
Largest coal-export terminal is
denied permit because it violates
treaty-protected fishing rights of
the Lumni Nation
May 10, 2016
TREATY WITH THE DWAMISH, SUQUAMISH,
ETC., 1855
The right of taking fish at usual and
accustomed grounds…
Lummi Nation has close to 5,000 members and is one of the largest tribal fishing fleets in
the country
Text: Corps: Coal terminal violates tribal rights, won't permit, Retrived from http://dnews.com/news_ap/washington/corps-coal-terminal-violates-tribal-rights-won-tpermit/article_a18438c3-5f5d-538b-b07e-725ee03eaa2c.html
Image: Retrieved from Coal Train Facts, http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/lummi-nation-xwechiexen-cherry-point-gathering
Conclusion
Data analysis and visualization diagrams
which represent historical treaties
facilitate the identification of concepts that
may help understand the current
conditions of Native American Nations
Conclusion
The Digital Humanities field also helps reveal
underlying social & cultural structures that
continue to resonate in our post colonial age
L
Tableau Public
Oklahoma State University
LINK
http://tabsoft.co/1TU1Dup
LINK
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/tocyr.htm
Thank you!