Late 1800s - TeacherWeb
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Unit 2
(Red Book: Chapters 6 & 8)
(Green Book: Chapter 6)
AN EMERGING INDUSTRIAL GIANT
LAISSEZ-FAIRE POLICY
Doctrine stating that government generally
should not interfere in private business
Late 1800s:
People liked the idea of little to no government
interference in business
BUT.. Many favored government involvement when
it benefited them:
High tariffs on imports
Land grants & subsidies
HORIZONTAL CONSOLIDATION
The process of bringing together many firms in
the same business to form one large company
Basically, the larger company buys out smaller
competitors by forming profit-sharing trusts
(Ex: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil)
VERTICAL CONSOLIDATION
Process of gaining control of
the many different
businesses that make up all
phases of a product’s
development
Owning all the different
phases of production
(Ex: Carnegie Steel)
INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
Robber Baron:
Implies that the business leaders built
their fortunes by stealing from the public
Captain of Industry:
Suggests that the business leaders served
their nation in a positive way
INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
http://www.hippocampus.org/History%20&%20Government?loadLeftClass=Cour
seCombination&loadLeftId=10&loadTopicId=1609
INDUSTRIAL GIANTS
Persuasive Essay:
I will assign you an industrial giant to
research (use classroom resources).
Decide whether or not he is a “robber
baron” or a “captain of industry.”
Use evidence from the text to support
your well-developed answer.
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Transportation:
Railroads & Industry
Offered rapid, more efficient transportation (of
people and goods)
Cheaper shipping
National markets
Transcontinental Railroad
Connected east and west coasts by rail
Provided jobs for immigrants
Increased settlement in the West
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Communication:
Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse in 1844
Cyrus W. Field’s transatlantic cable improved
overseas communication in 1866
By 1900, telegraph lines linked all continents
in a global network of cables
Telephone
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
User-friendly
1.5 million phones in 1900
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Energy:
Oil
First drilled in 1859
Much more readily available
Led to a boom in drilling & refining
Electricity
Already in very limited use by the late 1800s
Invention of the light bulb in 1890s made it practical
and possible to rely less on the sun
New electric machines were much more efficient
than steam-powered machines
Led to a boom in employment
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Thomas Edison
Developed the world’s first modern
research laboratory in Menlo Park, NJ
Edison’s lab produced over 1,000
patented inventions
Phonograph, light bulb, mimeograph
machines, motion picture camera
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
George Westinghouse
Inventor who produced 400 patents
1869 – Air-brakes for railroads
1885 – transformer for producing
high voltage alternating current
Led to:
Lighting of cities
Electric street cars
Subways
Household appliances
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Steel
The Bessemer Process made it cheaper
and easier to make steel from iron
Mass production of steel became possible
New era of building
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Other inventions that improved Business:
1867 – Typewriter
1879 – Cash Register
1880 – Adding Machine
1887 – Calculating Machine
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
Consumer Use Inventions:
1884 – Lewis Waterman’s Fountain Pen
1888 – George Eastman’s Kodak Camera
1895 – King Gillette’s Safety Razor
INNOVATIONS & ADVANCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
How did these advances impact production
in the United States?
How did these advances impact the
structure of businesses in the United States?
How did these advances impact the
workforce in the United States?
How did these advances impact society in
the United States?
THE NEW COLOSSUS
COLOSSUS OF RHODES
THE NEW COLOSSUS
Construction of The
Statue of Liberty
began in 1875
In October 1886,
there was a tickertape parade and
dedication ceremony
welcoming The
Statue of Liberty to
New York
1878 – Paris World’s Fair
THE NEW COLOSSUS
THE NEW COLOSSUS
IMMIGRATION
European Immigration:
1845 – 1854: 3 million immigrants
Processed by New York State officials
Ellis Island, New York:
1892 – 1954: 12 million immigrants
Asian Immigration:
Angel Island, San Francisco
1910 – 1940: 1 million immigrants
Why did immigration slow down?
REACTIONS TO IMMIGRATION
Nativists
Try to restrict immigration
Believe government should support native-born
Americans over immigrants
Temperance Movement / Purity Crusaders
Try to ban alcohol, drugs, gambling, and
prostitution
Settlement Movement
Try to help immigrants improve their lives by
offering education, child care, and health care
URBANIZATION
Annotate the provided article & Answer:
1. Reasons that millions of people moved to the
cities:
2.
3.
4.
Immigrants:
Rural emigrants:
Areas of the country that saw the greatest
growth:
Workplaces that needed millions of workers
who lived close by:
Results of the rapid urbanization:
REFORM (CHAPTER 8, SECTION 4)
Late 1800s:
The richest 9% of Americans hold nearly 75%
of the national wealth.
Most of these people were in favor of “Social
Darwinism”
Roughly 91% of Americans held only 25% of
the national wealth
Many of these people were immigrants living in
cities
SOCIAL DARWINISM
Belief that only the strongest in a society should
flourish, while the weak should be allowed to
die (applied to business: laissez-faire)
Americans were divided on the issue of
government interference in private business.
Applied to immigrants:
Basically led to ghettos and slums..
REFORM
Jacob Riis
Immigrated to America from Denmark in 1870
Reporter
Published How the Other Half Lives, 1890
Used flash photography to capture the poor
conditions many New Yorkers were forced
to live in.
REFORM
Many people were moved to join groups
that helped the needy.
1882 – New York Charity Organization
Society
Kept detailed files on those who received help
Wanted immigrants to adopt middle-class
American standards of child raising, cooking,
and cleaning.
REFORM
The Social Gospel Movement
1880s & 1890s
Urban churches began providing services for
the poor
Sought to apply the gospel of Jesus directly to
society, focusing on charity and justice
1908 – Federal Council of the Churches of Christ
Supported providing improved living conditions
and a larger share in the national wealth for all
workers
REFORM
The Settlement Movement
Young, educated men and women settled into a
house in poor neighborhoods (basically a
community center)
Hull House, established by Jane Addams & Ellen
Gates Starr, offered Chicago residents child-care
centers, cultural events, classes, health care clinics,
legal advice, etc..
By 1910, there were more than 400 settlement
houses around the country
REFORM
Compare the Social Gospel Movement to
the idea of Social Darwinism.
You can either do this in a Venn Diagram in your
notes, or just make a list..
TAMMANY HALL
FRAME WS
Tammany Hall Article
“I Seen My Opportunities and I Took ‘Em”
Identify 2 main ideas and details for each
document
Determine whether or not Tammany Hall had
more of a positive or a negative impact on New
York.
Write a 5 – 7 sentence paragraph supporting
your opinion.
REFORM LEGISLATION 1870 - 1920
Important
Information
Act
• Company had to
Sherman AntiTrust Act (1890)
interfere with “restraint
of trade”
• Act was weakly worded
and hard to enforce
•
Clayton AntiTrust Act (1914)
Federal Reserve
Act (1913)
Government’s
Response
• Laissez-faire attitude
• Placate growing
dissention
•
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 2013
Unit 2 Test
Laissez-Faire Policy
Business Consolidation
Industrial Giants
Innovations & Advances
The New Colossus
Immigration
Urbanization
Reform
Tammany Hall
Reform Legislation
AMERICA: THE STORY OF US
Heartland:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2uLHEoP8Rw
Cities:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A62zL8xd_8