Transcript Modern Times: 1953-1989

Modern Times: 19531989
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HARRY TRUMAN
HE WAS THE SURPRISE WINNER IN THE 1948 ELECTION AND SERVED
AS PRESIDENT TILL 1953. HE DECLINED TO RUN AS THE
DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE IN 1952 EVEN THOUGH HE WAS
CONSTITUTIONALLY ALLOWED.
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TRUMAN’S PRESIDENCY
FOR THE MOST PART TRUMAN WAS NOT ABLE TO GET LEGISLATION
PASSED IN A REPUBLICAN AND SOUTHERN DEMOCRAT CONTROLLED
CONGRESS (GRIDLOCK). HIS MAJOR SUCCESS WAS THE ELIMINATION
OF SEGREGATION IN THE ARMED FORCES WITH EXECUTIVE ORDER
9981.
TRUMAN’S CABINET
1949
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TRUMAN’S SECOND TERM WAS DOMINATED BY COLD WAR
FOREIGN POLICY. IN 1950 THE COLD WAR TURNED HOT AS
NORTH KOREAN COMMUNIST TROOPS INVADED SOUTH
KOREA.
TRUMAN AND GENERAL
MACARTHUR SHAKE
HANDS DURING THEIR
CONFERENCE AT WAKE
ISLAND, OCTOBER 15,
1950. LESS THAN A YEAR
LATER, TRUMAN FIRED
MACARTHUR IN A
DISPUTE OVER HOW THE
WAR SHOULD BE
FOUGHT.
Macarthur's farewell speech
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FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D.
EISENHOWER WAS ELECTED
PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952
WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA
AND END THE WAR.
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Eisenhower was the first
Republican President since
Herbert Hoover left office in
1933. Many wondered if
Eisenhower and the
Republican majorities in
Congress would try and repeal
FDR’s and Truman's precedent
setting laws. At stake were
such popular programs as
Social Security and The
Tennessee Valley Authority
TVA.
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His one attempt to do away
with a New Deal program,
the TVA, met with so much
opposition that he
abandoned the effort.
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One major piece of legislation was passed during the
Eisenhower years, the Highway Act of 1956.
Eisenhower looking over Highway
Act documents
John A. Volpe (left) is sworn in as interim,
and first, federal highway administrator
"Together, the united forces of our communication and transportation systems are
dynamic elements in the very name we bear - United States. Without them, we would be
a mere alliance of many separate parts."
- President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Feb. 22, 1955
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Describe:
1.Executive Order 9981.
2.The Highway Act of 1956.
The Kennedy family
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John F. Kennedy
Born on May 29, 1917 in
Brookline, Massachusetts
He was elected to the
House of Representatives
in 1946 and the Senate in
1952
Wrote Pulitzer Prize
winning novel “Profiles In
Courage” in 1956
JFK was the second
Catholic to run for
President. Al Smith ran as
the Democrat candidate in
1928 and lost.
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Kennedy and the “War on Poverty”
JFK read Michael
Harrington’s book, The Other
America: Poverty in the
United States
Harrington
JFK was so moved by the
book that he began the
framework for “War on
Poverty”. After Kennedy’s
assassination, L.B.J
introduced most of the
legislation that would be an
integral part of his “Great
Society”
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In 1963, the Equal Pay Act made it illegal
to pay different wages to men and women
who perform the same work. Kennedy
signed the bill into law on June 10, 1963.
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THE CIVIL
RIGHTS BILL
THE BILL WAS
INTRODUCED INTO
CONGRESS IN 1963 PRIOR
TO THE MARCH ON
WASHINGTON.
JFK WAS TRYING TO PUSH
THROUGH THE
LEGISLATION WHEN HE
WAS ASSASSINATED.
LBJ WAS ABLE TO USE HIS
INFLUENCE IN CONGRESS
TO HELP GET IT PASSED.
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The
President
and First
Lady
arrived in
Dallas,
November
22, 1963
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President Kennedy’s visit to Dallas included a drive
through downtown Dallas on the way to a luncheon
at the Dallas Trade Mart. Along the route on Elm
Street, the presidential limousine passed the Texas
School Book Depository where shots were fired.
Who’s is
this?
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The assassination
As Kennedy’s car passed the Texas
School Book Depository Building, three shots
were fired.
Kennedy was struck by a bullet, which
passed through his neck. The same bullet
passed through Governor Connally as well.
As Kennedy slumped toward his wife, a
second bullet struck him in the head, causing
a massive head wound.
The motorcade rushed to Parkland
Memorial Hospital, where doctors frantically
worked to revive Kennedy. He was
pronounced dead within a half hour.
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The assassin suspect
Dallas police soon
began looking for Lee
Harvey Oswald, an
employee at the Texas
School Book Depository
In a picture allegedly taken by
Oswald’s wife in their backyard,
Lee Harvey Oswald is shown
with a 6.5 Mannlicher-Carcano
rifle that was found in the
sniper’s nest after the
assassination, as well as a copy
of the “Daily Worker”
newspaper.
22
The alleged assassin was murdered
Dallas nightclub owner
Jack Ruby approached
Oswald, shot him in the
abdomen, as Oswald was
being transferred from
the Dallas City Jail to the
County Jail on November
24, 1963.
Oswald
Ruby
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Inauguration of the new president
The Presidential
Succession Act
of 1947 allowed
for the Vice
President to
take over when
the president
was disabled
and unable to
perform the
duties of the
office. The
process became
formalized in
1967 in the 25th
amendment.
“Lady Bird” Johnson, to the right of Johnson and
Jackie Kennedy to the left!
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36th
Lyndon B. Johnson
President of the United States
Born in 1908 in central Texas
Studied education at
Southwest Texas State Teachers’
College
Served in the Navy during
World War II
Served six terms in U.S. House
before elected to the Senate,
becoming youngest majority
leader in U.S. history
He had two main goals. The
first was full civil rights for
African Americans. The second
was to end poverty in America
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Lyndon B.
Johnson
and his
wife,
Claudia
“Lady Bird”
Johnson
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The Great Society
“Your imagination, your
initiative, and your
indignation will
determine whether we
build a society where
progress is the servant
of our needs, or a
society where old values
and new visions are
buried under unbridled
growth. For in your time
we have the opportunity
to move not only toward
the rich society and the
powerful society, but
upward to the Great
Society.”
Johnson outlined the
program in a
commencement speech at
the University of Michigan
in May, 1964. Many of the
ideas were first proposed
by JFK who couldn’t get
Congress to pass them
while LBJ did.
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Development of the Great Society
LBJ pushed many of JFK’s
original programs through
Congress. He was successful
since he had the clout from
being a powerful Senate
majority leader. He also
pushed legislation in Honor of
JFK.
LBJ initiated “War on
Poverty”
Johnson’s goal was to
“reshape America” similar to
what his idol, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, had done with the
New Deal
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Name of Great Society
Program
Year Program
Enacted
Purpose of
Program
Economic Opportunity
Act
1964
Created several
including Job Corps;
VISTA, and Head Start
Medicare
1965
Created Medicare and
Medicaid federal
health insurance
programs
Department of Housing
& Urban Development
1965
Administered Federal
housing programs
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting
1967
Funded educational TV
and radio broadcasting
Clean Air Act
Amendment
1965
Established emission
standards for motor
vehicles
Truth in Packaging Act
1966
Set standards for
labeling consumer
products
Department of
Transportation
1966
Dealt with air, rail, and
highway
transportation
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Medicare
Passed in July
of 1965,
Medicare
provides those
aged 65 or
disabled with
health care.
President Lyndon B. Johnson
signing the Medicare Bill,
07/30/1965 with ex-President
Truman and his wife next to
him
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How Medicare works
Health insurance for elderly
and disabled
Partially financed by payroll
tax; employee and employer both
pay equal amount
Medicare Part A includes
hospital insurance, Part B covers
outpatient services and doctors fees
not covered in Part A
Medicare doesn’t pay 100% of
costs; insured contributes “co-pay”
(co-payment)
Prescription benefits were
added in 2006
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Describe:
1.JFK’s War on Poverty.
2.Equal Pay Act
3.LBJ’s Great Society
4.Medicare
Richard Nixon
Nixon’s conservative domestic policies
became known as “New Federalism”
Nixon, a conservative, reacted to
the Great Society policies of the
1960s by giving power back to
the states:
Revenue sharing: The federal
gov. returned some taxes back to
states and local governments.
Local control for desegregation
of schools. Prior to the program
in the late 1960s more than 70%
of African American students
attended all black schools. After
local biracial committees
intervened that number dropped
to less than 20% by 1970.
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26th Amendment
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United
States, who are eighteen years of age or
older, to vote shall not be denied or abany
ridged by the United States or by State on
account of age.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
A major driving force behind this amendment was the Vietnam War.
Many people argued that it was unfair to draft an eighteen year old to
fight and possibly die for his nation, but deny him the right to vote for
elected officials.
This did not lead to a spike in the number of voters in the 1972
presidential election. Young people still continue to have the lowest
voter turnout rates of any other age group.
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“Nixon Doctrine”
1. Negotiating with adversaries.
2. Working for a greater partnership with
U.S. allies.
3. Preserving America’s strategic strength
for security. The U.S. maintains its arms
as a “bargaining chip” while attempting
to reduce the overall level of strategic
weapons among all nuclear nations and
working toward universal control of
weapons in space and on the ocean floor.
Three key points of the Doctrine were:
The stated goals were to promote
democracy and economic development
in nonaligned nations by providing
foreign aid. In practice it supported
many repressive unpopular
governments. The U.S. furnished military
and economic aid to any government
that was pro-US and anti-communist.
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Chile was an example of the “Nixon Doctrine” in
practice.
•Allende, a Socialist, ran for
president of Chile in 1970. Nixon
feared an alliance with Cuba and a
“domino effect” in South America.
•Nixon sent in the CIA to prevent
Allende from taking office; initially
the operation was a failure, but
eventually the CIA supported
General Pinochet to seize power,
who took office and murdered
Allende in 1973.
Pinochet
Pinochet and Allende
Allende and
Fidel Castro,
communist
dictator of
Cuba
•Even though Pinochet led an
oppressive government that jailed,
tortured, and murdered his
opponents, his anti-communism
stand ensured normal relations
with Chile.
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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The EPA protects human health and the
environment by writing and enforcing
regulations that are passed by Congress.
Example:
•
Drinking water.
• It registers all pesticides in the U.S
• It enforces Acts such as the
• Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
• Endangered Species Preservation
Act
Describe:
1.Nixon’s New Federalism.
2.26th Amendment
3.Nixon’s Doctrine
4.EPA.
Watergate office complex where the Democratic
National Committee headquarters were located.
A security guard noticed an exit door had been taped to keep the
latch open. He removed the tape but on his second round found
that it had been re-taped and called the police.
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When police arrived,
they found five
burglars who were
attempting to bug
the offices of the
Democratic National
Headquarters.
Seized wiretapping evidence
All five men worked
for the Committee
to Reelect the
President, President
Richard Nixon's
campaign
committee.
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The 22 month investigation involved the press, House of
Representatives, Senate, special prosecutors, and the
Supreme Court; it uncovered covert action on the part of
the president and his advisers.
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U.S. v Nixon, July 1974
During the investigation it was revealed that there were audio tapes
from the White House. Nixon claimed executive privilege in an
attempt to keep the tapes secret, however the Supreme Court ruled
that executive privilege did not apply in criminal cases and ordered
Nixon to surrender the subpoenaed White House tapes. The tapes
revealed widespread involvement, including by the President. His
impeachable offense was obstruction of justice.
“I am not a crook” He
proclaimed in 1973
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Nixon was forced to resign the presidency on August 9,
1974 because of the Watergate scandal. Gerald Ford was
appointed Vice President and later became president
after the corrupt Spiro Agnew resigned.
He resigned
before the
impeachment
proceedings
could begin. His
offense was
Obstruction of
Justice.
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Describe:
1. The Watergate Scandal
President Richard M. Nixon
•Elected in 1968
•July 1970 announced creation EPA & NOAA
•February 1972 visited China
•November 1972 reelected president
•January 1973 peace treaty to end Vietnam
Conflict
•April 1973 accepted responsibility for
Watergate break-in and cover-up
•December 1973 Gerald Ford appointed new
Vice President after Spiro Agnew resigned
in October
•August 1974 Resigned from office after
impeachment articles presented in House of
Representatives
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Gerald R. Ford became 38th President, August 9, 1974
50
Ford immediately damaged his Presidency by granting
Nixon a pardon.
Ford announced the pardon
51
President Jimmy Carter’s foreign policy was dedicated to
the “promotion of human rights.”
Carter said his foreign
policy would demonstrate
“the decency and
generosity and common
sense of our own people
and an absolute
commitment to human
rights”.
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President Carter’s greatest challenge came with the Iranian
Conflict.
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1979
January 16: The Shah of Iran fled
from Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini
returned from exile to establish
the fundamentalist Shiite
government in Iran on February
26. Khomeini, an Islamic
fundamentalist, hated America
calling it the ”Great Satan.” He
turned Iran into a theocracy
where religious bullies enforced
harsh Koranic laws.
Shah Reza Pahlavi & President Carter
November 4: Iranian militants
seized U.S. Embassy in Teheran,
took 63 Americans hostage,
demanded the return of Shah of
Iran, who was in United States for
medical treatment.
Portrait of
Khomeini
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America’s Humiliation 1979
Iranian Muslim fundamentalists seized the U.S. embassy in
Tehran, Iran taking 66 hostages. They demanded the U.S. send
them the Shah as the price for freeing the prisoners. Carter
refused.
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Letter from Carter to
Khomeini requesting the
release of the hostages,
November 6, 1979.
They would not be
released until January of
1981, after President
Reagan was elected
president.
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Carter ordered the military to attempt a rescue. This resulted in a
disaster when two U.S. aircraft collided, ending the mission before
it got off the ground. Eight Americans were killed in the April 24-25,
1980 hostage rescue attempt.
Crashed U.S. aircraft in the Iranian desert
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Describe:
1. The Iranian Conflict
Ronald W. Reagan became
the 40th President of the
U.S. The Iranian hostages
were released shortly after
his inauguration. He
promised to cut taxes.
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Ronald Reagan Philosophy
Reaganomics or “trickle-down
theory” of economics
Increased defense spending
Cut taxes
Reduced funding of social
welfare programs
Tripled the debt
Iran-contra scandal
Helped end the Cold War
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Reagan Tax Cuts
•The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981:
Reduced taxes by 25% for individual income tax
rates, over 3 yrs.
•The Tax Reform Act of 1986: brought the top tax
rate down from 50 percent to 28 percent while
the corporate tax rate was reduced from 50
percent to 35 percent. The personal exemption
and standard deduction amounts were increased,
which relieved millions of taxpayers of any
Federal income tax burden.
•The law shifted some of the tax burden from
individuals to small businesses and real estate. A
major effect was a downturn in the real estate
markets, which played a significant role in the
subsequent collapse of the Savings and Loan
industry.
63
Military spending increased under Reagan
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
in
billions
1975
1978
1980
1983
1986
1989
64
The national debt tripled under Reagan
3,000,000
2,500,000
1970
2,000,000
1975
1,500,000
1980
1,000,000
1985
1988
500,000
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1988
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“War on Drugs”
President Nixon introduced the concept of a
war against illegal drug use in the U.S. in
1971. Reagan renewed the effort while
president. He assigned Vice President Bush
to a drug task force and First Lady Nancy
Reagan toured the nation with her “Just say
no” campaign.
There is much debate about what the
agency ought to focus on, some argue
prevention among youth, others argue the
halting of importation of drugs in to the
country, and still others push for treatment
and punishment of drug offenders.
Nancy Reagan
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Describe:
1.Reagan’s Tax Cuts
2.War on Drugs.