Transcript Georgia and the American Experience

Georgia
and the American Experience
Chapter 13:
Peace, Prosperity,
and Peril
Study Presentation
©2005 Clairmont Press
Georgia
and the American Experience
Section 1: The 1980s
Section 2: The 1990s
Section 3: Terrorism at Home
and Abroad
Section 4: Georgia in a New
Century
©2005 Clairmont Press
Section 1: The 1980s
• SS8H12: The student will explain
the importance of significant
social, economic, and political
developments in Georgia since
1970
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
– How did Georgia change during the
1980s?
Section 1: The 1980s
• What words do I need to know?
– telecommute
– email
– Reaganomics
– Quality Basic Education
– Per capita income
•Jimmy
Carter was born in Plains,
Georgia on October 1, 1924.
•Attended
both GA South-western and GA Tech
before graduating from the U.S. Naval Academy
•Served
in the United States submarine force
Jimmy Carter as State Senator
- Father was a State Senator in Georgia
- Jimmy ran for state senate from the Fourteenth
District in 1962.
- Once elected, Carter devoted time and attention
to educational affairs during his two senate
terms.
- Georgians desire to remain segregated in the
public schools made things difficult
Jimmy Carter as Governor
- Elected as Governor in 1970
- Called for an end to racial discrimination
- Appointed many minorities and women as
governor
Jimmy Carter as President
- Carter decided to run for president in 1976
- Emphasized peace and human rights
- Camp David Accords
- Peace between Israel and Egypt while the
President was at Camp David (Presidential
Retreat)
- Problems with Presidency
- Oil Embargo
- Iranian Hostage Crisis
- High Interest Rates
Jimmy Carter as President
Created the Department
of Education
Created the Department
of Energy
Jimmy Carter as President
The Iranian Hostage crisis, increased gas and energy
cost, along with a economic recession hurt Carter’s bid
for reelection. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan.
Jimmy Carter as Humanitarian
Won the Nobel prize in 2002 for his tireless work and
staunch commitment to human rights and nonviolence
around the world.
Only other winner from Georgia – MLK, Jr.
WHO WAS JIMMY
CARTER?
STATE
SENATOR
• Helped
improve
education
in the
state
GOVERNOR
United States
PRESIDENT
• 1st Deep South
governor to speak out • Created Dept of
Education &
against segregation and
racism
Energy
• Provided
• Camp David
opportunities for blacks
Accords Middle
and women in
East Peace
government
• 1979 Iran
• Improved schools
Hostage Crisis
Humanitarian
• Habitat for
Humanity
• Nobel Peace
Prize
• Carter Center
to help human
rights
1980s
• The age of the personal computer
• email: sending messages by computer
• telecommute: work at home while
keeping in touch with the office by
computer
• Schools began to purchase computers
• Other technology: ATMs, FAX machines,
cellular phones, Internet, scanners
• More television channels added with cable
and satellite service
Georgia During the 1980s
• Governors
– George Busbee: 1975-1983 – foreign investment
increased; expanded Department of Industry and
Trade; expanded ports and highway system
– Joe Frank Harris: 1983-1991 – brought over 850,000
jobs; Georgia Dome; World Congress Center
expansion
• Educational Improvements
– Full-day kindergarten; increased teachers’ salaries;
testing of teachers; QBE (Quality Basic Education)
standard curriculum
• Georgia Gets a New Constitution
– Adopted 1982 after 5 years work to shorten it
The End of the Cold War
• Ronald Reagan: “Great Communicator”
elected president – served 1981-1989
• Reaganomics: “supply-side” economics,
tax cuts, heavy defense spending, limited
government, limited regulation on business
• Reagan tough with USSR
• By end of 1980s, Cold War ending
• Mikhail Gorbachev: leader of USSR
• 1989: Berlin Wall came down
• 1991: Communist USSR government
collapsed
• SS8H12a
Evaluate the consequences of the end
of the county unit system and
reapportionment.
END OF THE COUNTY UNIT
SYSTEM
• Elections now
ONE MAN
ONE VOTE
URBAN >
RURAL
END OF
WHITE
SUPREMACY
based on the
popular vote
• Urban areas
now have more
power than
rural counties
• Racists no longer
controlled
politics in
Georgia
Political Changes
• “One Person, One Vote”: The concept that each citizen’s
vote should equal every other citizen’s vote
• County-unit system
– Allowed rural counties to control GA politics with little
power for cities like Atlanta
– Started in 1898
– Unfair because
• Because Rural counties had more power,
Democrats stayed in power
• Rural counties – 30% or less of the state population
– But had 59% of the voting power
– Was declared unconstitutional in 1962
County Unit System
• Upon being declared unconstitutional,
there were now more representatives
from urban areas
• Reapportionment – General Assembly
had to reapportion (redraw) voting
districts to ensure districts of equal
population size
Challenges for the Future
• 10.1 million people live in Georgia (2015) – large
increase puts demands on environment; more
traffic, pollution and less resources.
• Three main challenges:
1. water resources
2. differences between urban (city) and rural (country) GA
3. tremendous population growth
• Alabama, Florida and US government have
demanded Georgia reduce water use and pollution
• Difficult to fund services such as schools in rural
areas as those areas do not generate enough tax
revenue (mainly through property and sales taxes).
The Two-Georgia Debate
Continues
• Population of Georgia grew in 1980s
• People moved to Georgia for mild climate, low
taxes, low fuel costs, land, and non-union
workers
• Georgia now one of the fastest growing states
• Two Georgias:
– Atlanta: fast growing and prosperous, generating
most taxes, expanding business
– Rural: declining population, more poverty, higher
unemployment, young people moved to urban areas
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 2:
The 1990s
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
–How did Georgia change
economically and politically in the
1990s?
Section 2:
The 1990s
• What words do I need to know?
– downsizing
– bankruptcy
– HOPE scholarship program
– infrastructure
The 1990s
• recession: economic slowdown; decreased
demand for products and services,
increased unemployment, decreased wages
• downsizing: companies’ reaction to
recession – firing workers to cut costs
• When workers don’t have jobs, they don’t
spend money, causing greater recession
• Many Georgians filed for bankruptcy
protection because they had borrowed more
money on credit than they could pay back
The Persian Gulf War
• August 1990: Iraq (led by Saddam Hussein)
invaded Kuwait
• President George Herbert Walker Bush joined
Operation Desert Shield and later Desert Storm to
free Kuwait from Saddam Hussein
• January 16, 1991: US and allies began bombing
Iraq
• March 3, 1991: Iraq accepts terms of cease fire
and begins to leave Kuwait
• Ecological disaster left behind: oil fires, 10 million
gallons of oil dumped in Persian Gulf
SS8H12d
Evaluate the effect of the 1996
Olympic Games
on Georgia.
Georgia Hosts the Olympics
• Summer 1996: Atlanta hosted
XXVI Olympiad
–Lasted from July 19- August 4
• 10,000 athletes from 197 countries
• Brought international attention to
the city and state AND LOTS OF
MONEY!!
• Planning was done by Billy Payne
and Atlanta Mayor – Andrew
Young in 1987
1996 Olympic Summer
Games
• 1996 Olympic Summer Games held in Atlanta,
Georgia. Events were also held in the cities of
Savannah, Columbus, Athens, Gainesville, and
Cleveland.
• Major economic impact on Georgia. Hotels added
7,500 new rooms and new sports venues and event
sites were created (such as the Georgia Dome and
Centennial Olympic Park)
• More than 72 million visitors came to Atlanta during
the Olympics
• Helped to create large amounts of tax revenue for
Atlanta, Georgia. Also, helped to increase the
popularity and media exposure of Atlanta as a
major southern city.
• July 29, 1996: Bomb in Olympic
Park killed one visitor and injured
117
• Traffic problems brought much
criticism
• Too many street vendors and
commercialism were other
concerns
• “Southern hospitality” and athletic
competition were noteworthy
Political Changes in a
Conservative South
• Conservative voters elected conservative
Democrats and Republicans
• In 1980, Mack Mattingly was first Republican US
Senator since Reconstruction – by 1992, most
were Republicans
• Cynthia McKinney: Democrat, first black woman
elected from Georgia to Congress
• John Lewis: Democrat, civil rights leader, senior
member of Georgia’s congressional delegation
Political Changes in a
Conservative South
• Newt Gingrich: Republican, became Speaker of the
US House in 1994, “Contract with America”
promised to reduce size of government, resigned in
1998 after poor election results for Republicans
• Sam Nunn: Democrat, served as US Senator 19721996, expert on military affairs
• Zell Miller: Democrat, Lt. Governor then Governor
(1990-1999), known for educational improvements,
“boot-camp” style prisons, state lottery for education
– pre-Kindergarten, HOPE scholarships, promoted
growth in North Georgia, became US Senator from
Georgia
Section 3:
Terrorism at Home and
Abroad
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– How did the acts of terrorists change
Georgia?
Section 3:
Terrorism at Home and
Abroad
• What words do I need to know?
– terrorism
– al-Qaeda
Terrorism at Home and
Abroad
• terrorism: acts of violence aimed at demoralizing or
intimidating others
• 1993: bomb at World Trade Center garage in New
York City
• 1995: Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building – car
bomb kills 168 people
• 1998: US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania bombed
killing hundreds, injuring thousands – attacks linked to
al-Qaeda
• al-Qaeda: Islamic terrorist group led by Osama bin
Laden – wealthy Saudi Arabian terrorist
• 2000: USS Cole attacked
• 2001: George W. Bush becomes president
“The Day That Changed
America”
• September 11, 2001: Islamic terrorists hijack US
passenger planes and crash them into the World
Trade Center and Pentagon
• One additional plane (United flight 93) was retaken by passengers but crashed in Pennsylvania
• WTC towers collapse killing 2,774
• The War on Terror began shortly after 9/11 as the
United States began to fight against countries that
harbored and funded terrorist groups.
Enduring Freedom and
Iraqi Freedom
• al-Qaeda linked to the September 11 attacks – based in
Afghanistan
• October 2001: Operation Enduring Freedom – US and
other nations’ troops invade Afghanistan to destroy alQaeda camps and destroy Taliban government
• Osama bin Laden escaped
• Saddam Hussein in Iraq continued to violate UN
resolutions regarding weapons of mass destruction and
inspections
• March 19, 2003: US and coalition forces attack Iraq –
combat phase over by May
• Weapons of mass destruction were not found
• Saddam Hussein captured and later executed on
December 30, 2006.
A Touch of Home
• Officers in Iraq told not to raise the US flag
since the Iraqis were not defeated – only
their dictator defeated
• April 2003 – Georgia troops in Iraq make
the news raising flag of the University of
Georgia Bulldogs!
Click to return to Table of Contents.
Section 4: Georgia in a
New Century
• ESSENTIAL QUESTION
– What important issues face
Georgians in the 21st century?
Section 4: Georgia in a
New Century
• What words do I need to know?
– Georgia Regional Transportation Authority
Roy E. Barnes
• 1999: Roy Barnes, Democrat, becomes
governor
• Served 24 years in legislature
• Costliest campaign for governor in GA
history
• Worked to change the state flag, reform
education, and build transportation projects
such as the Northern Arc
The State Flag Issue
• 1956: Georgia flag changed to incorporate the St.
Andrew’s cross, a Confederate battle emblem
• Some African Americans were offended as were
some modern leaders – concerned the flag
focused on slavery and the past
• Governor Barnes led effort to have flag changed
• New flag approved in 2001 but was unpopular
• The flag controversy was one factor in Barnes
losing his re-election bid for governor
• 2003: Governor Sonny Purdue signed bill
creating new Georgia flag
Education Reform
• Barnes began reduction of class sizes in
lower grades, a building and renovation
program for schools, and addition of school
nurses
• Student achievement did not improve greatly
• Barnes was not re-elected and many of his
reforms did not continue
Highway Issues
• Pollution and traffic congestion in Atlanta
were problems
• Georgia Regional Transportation Authority
(GRTA) created by Gov. Barnes to address
traffic problems
• Auto pollution (emissions) were reduced
• Plans for 59-mile Northern Arc north of
Atlanta were put on hold by Gov. Barnes and
abandoned by Gov. Purdue
Georgia Elects Republican
Governor
• Sonny Purdue, Republican, elected in 2002
• First Republican governor in Georgia in 130
years
• Georgia legislature had Democratic majority
until 2004
• Georgians elected Republicans to the US
Senate and most of US House of
Representatives
• Voters gave Georgia a two-party system
SS8H12c
Analyze the impact of the
rise of the two-party system in
Georgia
Rise of the Two-Party System
• Political shift in Georgia (and other southern states) during the
1980’s and 1990’s.
• Increase in the amount of conservatives (mainly Republicans),
especially in national elections. As more Republicans were
elected to office Georgia began to have a real Two-Party
(Democrats and Republicans) System for the first time in over
100 years.
• Notable Elections in the rise of the Two-Party System:
– 1980 – Mack Mattingly becomes first Republican elected to
the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction.
– 1992 – Republicans win most Georgia’s congressional
elections; however, Atlanta Democrat Cynthia McKinney
became the first African American woman from GA to be
elected to Congress.
– 1994 – Republicans gain a majority in the U.S. House of
Representatives for the first time in 40 years; GA’s Newt
Gingrich is elected Speaker of the House.
– 2002 – Sonny Perdue elected Governor of GA; first
Republican Governor since Reconstruction.
IMPACT OF TWO-PARTY SYSTEM
• 1877 - 1970
• Conservative Democrats controlled Georgia
ONE
politics
PARTY • White supremacy, County Unit System,
SYSTEM disenfranchisement of blacks, and Jim Crow
laws
•
•
TWO
•
PARTY
SYSTEM •
•
1970 - Present
Conservative Republicans and Liberal Democrats
White supremacy decreased
Equal opportunity increased
Standard of living has increased for all Georgians
Immigrants Coming to GA
• Immigrants – People who move to an area from other
countries.
• 1965 – Large numbers of immigrants began coming to
the United States.
• By the 1970’s almost 4.5 million people legally entered
the country.
• Many of the immigrants coming to the United States
are illegal
• In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act
created penalties and punishments for companies that
hire illegal immigrants. However, these immigrants
often times help fill jobs in farming and manufacturing.
• Factors for Population Growth
– Good climate
– Good jobs
– Low cost of living
• Hispanic Immigrants
– 1990’s – GA’s Hispanic population Tripled!
• Crop harvesting, carpet manufacturing, poultry
processing, construction, landscaping